• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.322-329
• /
• 2010

Primer gunsot residues (GSR) obtained from K1A and K2 rifles, and K5 pistol were analysed with scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) as basic data in firearm accidents. Ammunition of 5.56 mm is employed for K1A and K2 rifles and 9.0 mm for a K5 pistol. The analyses of morphology, size, particle number, elemental ratio were performed for primer GSR prepared after shooting 3 times. The detected content was Ba>Pb>Sb in most GSR particles but Sb>Pb>Ba or Pb>Sb>Ba in some particles. In the statistical result of composition ratio of elements, the particles with more Sb than Ba were detected in most primer GSR from a K5 pistol, 3~8 times more than K1A and K2 rifles. This results can be employed to discriminate gun type between rifles and pistols. Furthermore, the size and the number of particles can be applied to access the type of guns.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.302-323
• /
• 2016

To date, the literature has focused on formal R&D activities, such as internal, joint or external R&D, but informal R&D activities, such as job training or design, can also have a positive impact on technological innovation. To address this research gap, this paper examined 1) the influence of informal R&D activities on innovation adoption, and 2) the differences between formal R&D-oriented and informal R&D-oriented firms in process and product innovation. For this, statistical analysis was conducted using the data set from 2012 Korea Innovation Survey. The results suggest that 1) informal R&D activities can influence process innovation, and 2) firms engaging in both informal and formal R&D actively adopt product innovation. Findings suggest that 1) firms should recognize the importance of informal R&D and 2) national R&D policy should reflect the positive role of informal R&D in technological innovation.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2013

We statistically investigated the properties of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations using Bohyun (BOH, Mlat = $29.8^{\circ}$, L = 1.35) ground magnetometer data in 2008. For this 1-year interval, 582 Pi2 events were identified when BOH was in the nightside from 1800 to 0600 local times. We found the following Pi2 characteristics. (1) The occurrence distribution of Pi2s is relatively constant in local times. (2) The Pi2 frequency varies in local times. That is, Pi2 pulsations in postmidnight sector had higher frequency than in premidnight sector. (3) Pi2 power in premidnight sector is stronger than in postmidnight sector. (4) Pi2 frequency has positive correlation with solar wind speed and AE index. (5) Pi2 power has not a clear correlation with solar wind parameters. This indicates that Pi2 power is not controlled by external sources. (6) It is found that the most probable-time between Pi2 onsets is ${\Delta}t$ ~ 37.5 min: This is interpreted to be the period between Pi2 pulsations when they occur cyclically. We suggest that ${\Delta}t$ ~ 37.5 min is the occurrence rate of reconnection of open field lines in the tail lobe.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.305-313
• /
• 2007

Purpose: Wound healing is a result of complex processes whose components, such as cells, extracellular matrix, proteolytic enzymes, and their inhibitors receive effects from immune compartments, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Impairment of normal physiologic response to wounding makes nonhealing chronic wounds. Wound infection and exacerbated proteolytic process may induce uncontrolled tissue degradation or exudates formation, which may result in the development of a nonhealing chronic wound. Thus proper management of wound infection and exudates is critical to prevent and treat nonhealing wound. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects of Aquacel AG, silver-containing carboxymethylcellulose dressing on treatment for exudative infected wound. Methods: The study included 31 patients with nonhealing wound. Wound was dressed with Aquacel AG. The effect of dressing was investigated by serial bacterial culture and wound exudates assessment. Each infection and exudates control time was determined and statistically analyzed. Results: Wound infection and exudates were effectively managed using Aquacel AG dressing. Mean infection and exudates control time were $3.4{\pm}1.2$ and $5.7{\pm}1.4$ weeks, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that infection control time correlated positively to age and exudates control time (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is as yet no ideal dressing for the topical treatment of chronic nonhealing wound. But silver-containing carboxymethylcellulose dressing can be used effectively for exudative, infected nonhealing wound.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.55-66
• /
• 2012

Option pricing models using L$\acute{e}$evy processes are suggested as an alternative to the Black-Scholes model since empirical studies showed that the Black-Sholes model could not reflect the movement of underlying assets. In this paper, we investigate whether the Variance Gamma model can reflect the movement of underlying assets in the Korean stock market better than the Black-Scholes model. For this purpose, we estimate parameters and perform likelihood ratio tests using KOSPI 200 data based on the density for the log return and the option pricing formula proposed in Madan et al. (1998). We also calculate some statistics to compare the models and examine if the volatility smile is corrected through regression analysis. The results show that the option price estimated under the Variance Gamma process is closer to the market price than the Black-Scholes price; however, the Variance Gamma model still cannot solve the volatility smile phenomenon.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2014

Osteoarthritis is a disease that has considerable effect on both individuals and economy. The number of osteoarthritis patients are gradually increasing as people get to enjoy longevity. This study was conducted to examine 30 osteoarthritis patients. Following is the report which shows the effectiveness of KJ27 based on statistical data analysis. Among 5 who have reported that they were not able to walk or use their knees at all, 80% of them were completely recovered. Among 18 who have stated that it was very hard for them to walk for more than a kilometer, 66.7% were completely recovered. Among 7 who have reported that it was little bit difficult for them to walk, 71.4% were completely recovered. Among 25 out of 30 who were very unsatisfied with former treatments, 70% of them stated that they were very satisfied with KJ27 treatments, and 30% of them stated that they were satisfied with it. Among 5 who had not had any type of osteoarthritis treatments, 100% have stated that they were very satisfied with the treatment. 18 patients who were under this treatment for a month were completely recovered; 10 patients who were under this treatment for 2 months were completely recovered; and finally 2 patients who were under this treatment for 3 months and longer were completely recovered. It is not clearly understood whether KJ27 will eradicate the entire symptoms of osteoarthritis, yet. Numerous case studies and experiments should be conducted to improve and apply KJ27.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.838-845
• /
• 1999

To determine the prognostic factors for survival of dogs infected with canine parvovirus, clinical and laboratory data of 35 dogs with clinical signs compatible with canine parvoviral enteritis admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul National University during the period 1997-1998 were collected. Dogs were grouped by some major covariates, which can be considered as guides to the relative prognosis of dogs in the different subgroups. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Weibull proportional hazard model were used to estimate overall survival, evaluate the comparability between groups, and identify potential prognostic factors. The overall survival rate for all dogs was 45.7% over the study period, and the Kaplan-Meier estimate of one week survival was 0.4989. Gender was the most favorable prognosis ; male dog (median, 6 days) had significantly higher risk of dying than female dog (median, 17 days ; p = 0.0023). In addition to gender, age was significantly associated with survival, with juvenile dogs less than 6-month-old having higher risk (p = 0.0359). Dogs that vaccinated with complete protocol (p = 0.0374) and those of having higher value of mean corpuscular volume (p = 0.0346) were found to be of prognostic importance. The 7 dogs in which white blood cell count of less than 2000 had shorter median survival time (3 days) than the remaining 28 dogs (8 days), but no statistical significance was found between leukopenic and survival. The distribution of packed cell volume and hemoglobin measurement was such that the overall risk of dying in the two groups was comparable. Further studies are needed to more accurately assess these results.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.373-384
• /
• 2020

Hydrological models are based on a combination of parameters that describe the hydrological characteristics and processes within a watershed. For this reason, the model performance and accuracy are highly dependent on the parameters. However, model uncertainties caused by parameters with stochastic characteristics need to be considered. As a follow-up to the study conducted by Choi et al (2020), who developed a relatively simple semi-distributed hydrological model, we propose a tool to estimate the posterior distribution of model parameters using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, a type of Markov-Chain Monte Carlo technique, and analyze the uncertainty of model parameters and simulated stream flow. In addition, the uncertainty caused by the parameters of each version is investigated using the lumped and semi-distributed versions of the applied model to the Hapcheon Dam watershed. The results suggest that the uncertainty of the semi-distributed model parameters was relatively higher than that of the lumped model parameters because the spatial variability of input data such as geomorphological and hydrometeorological parameters was inherent to the posterior distribution of the semi-distributed model parameters. Meanwhile, no significant difference existed between the two models in terms of uncertainty of the simulation outputs. The statistical goodness of fit of the simulated stream flows against the observed stream flows showed satisfactory reliability in both the semi-distributed and the lumped models, but the seasonality of the stream flow was reproduced relatively better by the distributed model.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.81-96
• /
• 2009

The expansion of long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) is expected to contribute to meeting the long-term care needs of the elderly with chronic diseases in a rapidly aging society. It is also expected to increase efficiency of health resource use and decrease elderly health expenditures by transferring patients from acute care hospitals (ACHs) to LTCHs. This study aimed to empirically examine how the expansion of LTCHs had influences on the length of hospitalization of the elderly in ACHs. Panel regression analysis was employed as an analytic tool using data of the National Health Insurance and the National Statistical Office from 2002 to 2006. The expansion of LTCHs was measured as location quotient (LQ) of LTCHs, denoting the share of LTCHs in a large city or province relative to the share of LTCHs at the national level. In addition, per capita GRDP (gross regional domestic product) and the proportion of population over 65 were included as control variables. The main findings are as follows. First, it was observed that LQ of LTCHs showed a statistically significant negative association with the length of hospitalization of the elderly in ACHs. Second, the negative correlation was evident among general hospitals with over 100 beds while it was not among hospitals with less than 100 beds. Third, LQ of LTCHs had more influences among the elderly over 85. In conclusion, the expansion of LTCHs seems to contribute to decrease in the inpatient cost of the elderly in ACHs and to increase efficiency in the utilization of health resources.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.121-126
• /
• 2006

Major milk proteins have considerable variane which comes from substitution and deletions in their amino arid sequences. Variants in genes that code for milk proteins, such as ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (${\beta}-LG$) have been established as genetic markers for milk production and milk protein composition in dairy cattle. The effect of ${\beta}-LG$ variant on milk production traits, such as milk yield. fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage, was estimated for 482 Holstein cows in the first lactation. The ${\beta}-LG$ variants were determined by PCR-RFLP technique at the DNA level. Single trait linear model was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results of this study indicated that ${\beta}-LG$ variants affected significantly protein yield (p<0.05) and fat percentage (p<0.05). Animals with the AA variant produced 31kg of milk protein more than animals with the BB variant. On the contrary, cows with the BB variant had fat percentage higher by 0.35 and 0.32% compared with cows with the AA and AB variants, respectively. No associations between the ${\beta}-LG$ variants and milk yield, protein percentage and fat yield were found Therefore, milk production traits could be improved through ${\beta}-LG$ typing by increasing the frequency of A variant for protein yield or the frequency of B variant for fat content in Holstein dairy cattle population.