• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2019

Objective: We investigated the clinical characteristics of men with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)-induced hypogonadism and its effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) in infertile couples. Methods: This study examined the records of 20 consecutive male patients diagnosed with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia (< 5 × 10⁶/mL) who visited a single infertility center from January 2008 to July 2018. All patients were treated at a primary clinic for erectile dysfunction or androgen deficiency symptoms combined with low serum testosterone. All men received a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor and TRT with testosterone undecanoate (Nebido^®) or testosterone enanthate (Jenasteron^®). Patients older than 50 years or with a chronic medical disease such as diabetes were excluded. Results: The mean age of patients was 37 years and the mean duration of infertility was 16.3 ± 11.6 months. At the initial presentation, eight patients had azoospermia, nine had cryptozoospermia, and three had severe oligozoospermia. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels were below 1.0 mIU/mL in most patients. Three ongoing ART programs with female factor infertility were cancelled due to male spermatogenic dysfunction; two of these men had normal semen parameters in the previous cycle. After withholding TRT, serum hormone levels and sperm concentrations returned to normal range after a median duration of 8 months. Conclusion: TRT with high-dose testosterone can cause spermatogenic dysfunction due to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, with adverse effects on infertility treatment programs. TRT is therefore contraindicated for infertile couples attempting to conceive, and the patient's desire for fertility must be considered before initiation of TRT in a hypogonadal man.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2011

암컷호르몬으로 알려져 있는 에스트로겐이 실제로는 수컷 생식기관에도 영향을 미친다. 에스트로겐은 수용체와 결합하여 그 작용을 나타낸다. Propyl pyrazole triol (PPT)은 에스트로겐 수용체 베타에 비해 상대적으로 알파에 410배 혹은 1,000배 더 높은 선택적 친화성으로 결합하는 에스트로겐 수용체 알파 촉진제이다. 본 연구에서는 성체 수컷 생쥐를 대상으로 castor oil에 각각 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 4mg의 농도로 희석한 PPT를 1주에 1회씩 8주 동안 피하주사 하였다. 대조군은 castor oil을 주 1회씩 동일한 기간 동안 생쥐에 피하주사 하였다. 정소, 수출소관, 부정소의 조직학적 변화를 현미경으로 관찰하였다. PPT 4mg의 고농도 투여군에서는 체중, 정소, 부정소의 무게가 뚜렷하게 감소되었다. 실험기간 동안 PPT에 의해 세정관의 직경, 부정소의 상피세포 높이가 감소되었다. 부정소에 붙어 있던 지방세포의 크기는 PPT에 의해 줄어들었다. PPT 4 mg 투여군의 경우, 부정소의 꼬리 부위에 저장되는 정자가 관찰되지 않았다. 결론적으로 고농도의 PPT 투여로 인해 성체 수컷 생쥐의 정자형성 억제와 같은 생리학적 변화가 유발되었고 동시에 생식기관의 조직학적 변화도 유발되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.578-588
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• 2017

Background: Elevated testicular temperature disrupts spermatogenesis and causes infertility. In the present study, the protective effect of enzymatically biotransformed Panax ginseng Meyer by pectinase (GINST) against chronic intermittent heat stress-induced testicular damage in rats was investigated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 wk old, 60-70 g) were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), heat-stress control (HC), heat-stress plus GINST-100 mg/kg (HG100), and heat-stress plus GINST-200 mg/kg (HG200) treatment groups. Each dose of GINST (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) was mixed separately with a regular pellet diet and was administered orally for 24 wk. For inducing heat stress, rats in the NC group were maintained at $25^{\circ}C$, whereas rats in the HC, HG100, and HG200 groups were exposed to $32{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 6 mo. At week 25, the testes and serum from each animal were analyzed for various parameters. Results: Significant (p < 0.01) changes in the sperm kinematic values and blood chemistry panels were observed in the HC group. Furthermore, spermatogenesis-related molecules, sex hormone receptors, and selected antioxidant enzyme expression levels were also altered in the HC group compared to those in the NC group. GINST (HS100 and HS200) administration significantly (p < 0.05) restored these changes when compared with the HC group. For most of the parameters tested, the HG200 group exhibited potent effects compared with those exhibited by the HG100 group. Conclusion: GINST may be categorized as an important medicinal herb and a potential therapeutic for the treatment of male subfertility or infertility caused by hyperthermia.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.120-139
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• 2014

Objectives: The tendency of experimental studies on the male infertility was analyzed through focusing on domestic theses for a degree to indicate the hereafter direction for its study in oriental herbal medicine. Methods: 35 domestic theses for a degree published after 2003 were analyzed. And theses were classified by year, study design, degree and subjects. Results: The followings are the results of this study. 1. 35 theses were reviewed. 11 master dissertations and 24 doctorate dissertations 2. In the annual publishing tendency, the number of theses began to increase from 2003 and the theses have been published actively from 2005. 3. Classified by study design, 19 in vitro & in vivo and 16 in vitro experimental studies were performed. 4. In the medication and prescription, the studies with single medication were 32, and prescription were 3. In the studies with single medication, four studies on Ginseng Radix (人蔘) were the most. 5. In theses related to single medication, BoYang-Yak was most prefered, followed BoYeum-Yak, BoKi-Yak, SabJung-ChukNyo-JiDae-Yak. 6. Analysed 35 theses by subject, concentrational experiments were 23, periodical experiment were 3, concentrational & periodical experiment was 1. 7. In theses related to herb medication, the themes were Body & testicular weight, sperm parameters, testosterone level, CREM mRNA level & CREM protein, seminiferous tubule and antioxidant activity. 8. Related to herb medication's antioxidant activity efficacy were 7 theses. Conclusions: If there are more diverse studies on medication, prescription, external treatment methods and experiment methods in the future, this will be very helpful for the clinical treatment of male infertility.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2019

Despite the development of assisted reproduction technologies (ART) including in vitro fertilization (IVF), the poor ovarian response and endometrial receptivity remains clinically a major unmet need. Although these problems are difficulties to solve in infertility treatment, there are no good therapeutic option yet. Traditional herbal remedies and acupuncture, therefore are being proposed as alternative treatment. Our group found that traditional herbal medicines such as Paeonia lactiflora L.(PL, 芍藥), Cyperus rotundus L.(CR, 香附子), and Perilla frutescens (PF, 紫蘇葉) could improve endometrial receptivity. In this study, we found out Yeosin-san (如神散) as an optimal herbal formula via combination of the previously established herbal medicines. Yeosin-san is a traditional Korean medical formula which was established by Ziming Jin (陳自明) and recorded in Furendaiquanliangfang (婦人大全良方) at first. The formula traditionally used for treating abnormal uterine bleeding and leukorrhea. It showed a highest effect on leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression and on the adhesion between trophoblastic cells and endometrial cells. In addition, it has been shown that the Yeosin-san not only increases the endometrial receptivity to improve the embryo implantation but also enhances the ovary function by expressing the angiogenesis-related genes. Here we suggest that Yeosin-san could be a novel and effective candidate for treating female infertility.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.925-936
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• 2005

본 연구는 개 정액 채취방법에 따른 정액성상과 동결전 pentoxifylline의 첨가가 미치는 영향을 조사하였고, CASA를 이용하여 정자의 운동성 측정 및 생존율, 첨체 온전성, 저삼투성 팽창화를 조사하였다. 그리고 자연발정과 발정유기된 암캐에서 동결정액 주입의 임신율을 조사하였다. 1.품종별 정액성상을 조사한 결과 Beagle, English cockers spanie, Collie 및 Grey hound의 정액량과 정자 수에서 큰 차이가 없었으나, Shihtzu에서 정액량과 정자수가 유의적은 아니나 다소 적었다. 2.동결희석액에 pentoxifylline 0, 1 및 3mM 첨가에서 융해 후 정자활력은 각각 46.4, 56.4 및 47.2%였으며 1mM 처리구가 다른 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았다. 3.동결희석액에 pentoxifylline 첨가는 융해 후 정자의 생존성, 첨체막 온전성 및 원형질막 온전성(HOST) 모두 유리한 결과를 나타냈으며, 1mM의 첨가에서 정자의 생존성과 기능성이 향상되었다.4.자연발정에서 발정개시 후 11일, 13일 및 15일째 초음파기로 측정한 난포 크기는 각각 6.5mm, 11.5mm 및 8.0mm이였다. 배란은 13-15일 사이에 일어났다. 5.발정유기한 개체에서 수정후 임신 20일째부터 5일 간격으로 3회 측정한 태낭의 크기는 13.7mm, 28.5mm 및 40.5mm 이었다. 6.자연발정과 발정을 유기한 개체에서 pen- toxifylline 1mM이 첨가된 정액을 동결융해하여 인공수정 후 임신율은 71.4%와 75%로 두 방법간에 차이가 없었으나, 자연발정군에서 평균산자수는 6.6두였고, 발정유군의 평균산자수는 2.6두였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2008

목 적: 정계정맥류는 수술적 치료가 가능한 남성불임의 가장 흔한 원인 질환이다. 하지만 모든 정계정맥류 환자에서 수술 후 같은 치료 효과를 보이는 것은 아니다. 이에 저자들은 정계정맥류 수술 전 정액인자 결과가 수술 후 정액인자 결과 및 임신성공률에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 2001년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지 불임을 주소로 본원 비뇨기과를 방문하여 정계정맥류 진단 후 서혜부 접근법을 통한 미세수술적 정계정맥류절제술을 시행 받은 총 278명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 수술 전 총 활동성 정자수 (Total motile sperm count; TMSC)를 기준으로 (이하 단위: ${\times}10^6$) 20 이상을 group A, 5 이상 20 미만을 group B, 5 미만을 group C로 분류하였다. 수술 후 3개월 이상 경과한 후에 다시 정액검사를 시행하여 각 group별 TMSC 호전률을 비교하였다. 또한 수술 후 1년 이상 경과한 환자 중 전화설문이 가능했던 총 119명의 환자를 대상으로 자연임신 여부를 조사하였다. 결 과: 전체 환자의 수술 전 평균 TMSC는 25.75 수술 후 평균 TMSC는 80.24로 평균 54.49 (211.6%) 증가하였다. 각 group별 절대 증가치 (상대적 증가율)를 보면 group A는 67.90 (131.2%), group B는 62.20 (482.5%), group C는 26.33 (1841.2%)으로 모든 group에서 통계학적 유의한 증가를 보였다 (모두 p<0.001). 수술 전 정액인자가 가장 좋지 않았던 group C의 경우 다른 group에 비하여 절대 증가치는 통계학적으로 유의하게 낮았으나 (p=0.002) 상대적 증가율은 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.001). 자연임신성공률은 group A에서 48.0%, group B에서 34.2%, group C에서 26.4%로 나타났으나 각 group별 자연임신성공률에 통계학적 의미 있는 차이는 없었다 (p= 0.119). 결 론: 정계정맥류 환자에서 수술 전 정액인자가 매우 좋지 않을 경우 수술 후 정액인자의 절대 증가치는 상대적으로 낮다. 하지만 수술전과 비교한 상대적 증가율은 높으며 수술 후 자연임신성공률도 수술 전 정액인자가 상대적으로 좋았던 경우와 비교하여 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서 정계정맥류 수술 전 정액인자가 매우 좋지 않을 경우라도 정계정맥류절제술이 불임해결을 위한 일차 치료로 선택될 수 있다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2009

The aim of present experiment was to examine commercial synthetic extender(AndroMed) for semen cryopreservation of Korean Black Bull. Semen was collected from a Korean Black Bull using an artificial vagina and transported to the laboratory. The semen was diluted 1:1 by AndroMed. The pellect was diluted to final sperm concentration of $5{\times}10^5/ml$ by doubling in every 10 minutes at $4^{\circ}C$ cold chamber. The semen was equilibrated for 1 hr at cold chamber and packed to 0.5 ml straw. The semen straws were located above 5 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes, above 5 cm for 10 minutes and above 10 cm for 10 min. And then the frozen straw was plunged to $LN_2$. The presented straws were examined the viability and motility after thawed at $37^{\circ}C$ water bath. Hanwoo semen was used as KPN (Korea Proven Bull Number) in this experiment. The survival rates was significantly higher in fresh semen than frozen semen ($80{\pm}14%\;and\;43{\pm}11%$). However, the motility rates was similar (80.7% and 66.4%). The survival and motility rates were higher in 5cm, 10 min treatment group than the other two groups in straw-located height and duration above $LN_2$ ($50{\pm}14%$ and 70.7% vs, 33.18% and $65{\pm}7%$ vs, 30.14% and 65.7%, respectively). The development rates to cleavage was higher in Black Cow than Hanwoo semen (62.2%, 64.4%), However, The development rates to blastocyst was higher in Hanwoo than Black cow semen (25.9%, 23.0%). In conclusion. The present results that acceptable fertilization and cryopreservation could be obtained by in vitro fertilization with frozen-thawed semen using a synthetic semen extender (AndroMed).

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.203-213
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 반응성 산소족이 수정능력획득, 칩체반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 반응성 산소족으로 superoxide anion은 xanthine (X) -xanthine oxidase (XO) system을, hydroperoxide는 $H_2O$$_2$를 농도별로 처 리하였으며, nitric oxide (NO)는 NO donor인 sodium nitroprusside (SNP)를 처리하였다 또한 남성불임요인의 하나로 알려진 leukocytospermia에 대한 영향을 알아보기 위해 lymphocyte를 농도별로 처리하였고, 일반적인 배양기내 산소농도인 20% $O_2$농도를 생체내 농도와 유사한 5% $O_2$ 농도로 낮추었을 때 의 결과를 알아보고자 하였다. 수정능력 획득 정도와 첨체반응률을 알아보기 위해 chlortetracycline (CTC) 염색방법을 이용하였다. 지질과산화 정도는 정자내 malondialdehyde (MDA)의 생성량을 흡광기를 이용하여 정량하였다. $H_2O$$_2$, X-XO, SNP와 lymphocyte 처리군은 1시간 배양시에 수정능력획득률이 유의하게 증가하였으나, 저산소처리군에서는 차이가 없었다. 저 농도의 $H_2O$$_2$를 처리한 경우에는 지질과산화 정도가 감소하였으나, 고 농도에서는 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다. 고 농도의 Iymphocyte를 처리한 경우에는 1시간 처리시에 지질과산화가 유의하게 증가하였으나, 처리된 산소농도에 따른 지질과산화의 차이는 없었다. 첨체반응률의 경우, 처리한 모든 반응성 산소족에서 대조군에 비해 높은 첨체반응률을 확인하였다. X(100 $\mu$M)-XO(100mIU)의 경우가 가장 높은 첨체반응률을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들은 반응성 산소족이 수정능력획득, 지질과산화 그리고 첨체반응에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하여 주었다. 또한 반응성 산소족이 생성된 경우에 수정능력획득이 보다 빠르게 진행되어지는 것은 반응성 산소족이 정자의 과운동성과 수정능력획득의 중요한 조절자임을 시사한다고 사료된다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum interval between inseminations in artifical insemination of hens. Two hundred and forty hens of Hisex commercial stock at 25 weeks of age and 20 cocks of the Rhode Island Red at 40 weeks of age were used for the experiment, and a total of 6,784 eggs were obtained. The intervals between inseminations compared in this study were: 3 days (T1), 5 days (T2), and 7 days(T3). Mixed raw semen was inseminated and the semen does was 0.03ml per insemination per hen. The inseminations were conducted at 15:00 at each time. The total number of insemination performed was 9 for the T1, 6 for the T2 and 5 for the T3, and eggs were collected over a period of 31 days, 32 days and 35 dyas, respectively. The average egg production of the hens during the experiment was 85.9% and the average temperature during the experiment was around 30$^{\circ}C$. The average sperm count was 3.69 billion per ml. The results obtained in this experiment can be summarized as follows: The fertility over the entire experimental period bythe treatment was 91.7% for the T1, 84.4% for the T2, and 75.2% for the T3. The difference between T1 and T3 in fertility was significant at 5% level. The average fertility on the second, third and fourth day after the insemination in the T2 and T3 was maintained at a relatively high level, but it tended to decline rapidly from the fifth day after the insemination. The average fertility for one week after the last insemination was 88.8% for the T1, 88.8% for the T2 and 78.6% for the T3, and none of the differences among the treatments were statistically significant. On the basis of the results from this study, it is recommended to adjust the insemination intervals within the range from the 3 to 5 days in order to maintain a highest level of fertility in the hens at an early stage of egg production as in the case of the hens used in this experiment. An insemination interval of 3 days is recommended, especially at an initial stage of insemination. For the hens with a low fertility, shortening, of the insemination interval to 3 or 2 days is desirable.