• Wind and Structures
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

In order to effectively simulate nonstationary stochastic turbulent wind fields, four separation hybrid (SEP-H) models are proposed in the present study. Based on the assumption that the lateral turbulence component at one single-point is uncorrelated with the longitudinal and vertical turbulence components, the fluctuating wind is separated into 2nV-1D and nV1D nonstationary stochastic vector processes. The first process can be expressed as double proper orthogonal decomposition (DPOD) or proper orthogonal decomposition and spectral representation method (POD-SRM), and the second process can be expressed as POD or SRM. On this basis, four SEP-H models of nonstationary stochastic turbulent wind fields are developed. In addition, the orthogonal random variables in the SEP-H models are presented as random orthogonal functions of elementary random variables. Meanwhile, the number theoretical method (NTM) is conveniently adopted to select representative points set of the elementary random variables. The POD-FFT (Fast Fourier transform) technique is introduced in frequency to give full play to the computational efficiency of the SEP-H models. Finally, taking a long-span bridge as the engineering background, the SEP-H models are compared with the dimension-reduction DPOD (DR-DPOD) model to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed models.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2015

For the frequency-domain spectral fatigue analysis, the probability density function of stress range needs to be estimated based on the stress spectrum only, which is a frequency domain representation of the response. The probability distribution of the stress range of the narrow-band spectrum is known to follow the Rayleigh distribution, however the PDF of wide-band spectrum is difficult to define with clarity due to the complicated fluctuation pattern of spectrum. In this paper, efforts have been made to figure out the links between the probability density function of stress range to the structural response of wide-band Gaussian random process. An artificial neural network scheme, known as one of the most powerful system identification methods, was used to identify the multivariate functional relationship between the idealized wide-band spectrums and resulting probability density functions. To achieve this, the spectrums were idealized as a superposition of two triangles with arbitrary location, height and width, targeting to comprise wide-band spectrum, and the probability density functions were represented by the linear combination of equally spaced Gaussian basis functions. To train the network under supervision, varieties of different wide-band spectrums were assumed and the converged probability density function of the stress range was derived using the rainflow counting method and all these data sets were fed into the three layer perceptron model. This nonlinear least square problem was solved using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with regularization term included. It was proven that the network trained using the given data set could reproduce the probability density function of arbitrary wide-band spectrum of two triangles with great success.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.25-46
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 Bayesian spectral analysis regression (BSAR) 방법론을 이용한 베이지안 순서형 프로빗 준모수 회귀모형에 대해서 고찰한다. 순서형 프로빗 회귀모형은 순서가 있는 범주형 자료를 모형화하는 방법으로, 정규 분포의 분포함수의 역함수인 프로빗 연결함수를 이용해 각 범주의 확률과 설명변수을 연결함으로써 반응변수의 확률을 모형화한다. 베이지안 프로빗 회귀 모형은 정규 분포를 따르는 잠재변수를 도입함으로써 사후 분포 도출을 용이하게 하고, 절단점에 따라 나뉘어지는 잠재변수들의 값에 따라서 반응 변수들이 범주화된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 잠재 변수 방법을 확장해 BSAR 방법론에 기반하여 단조증가/감소와 같은 형태제약을 반영할 수 있는 베이지안 이항형 및 순서형 프로빗 준모수 회귀모형에 대해 연구한다. 모의실험을 통하여 이항형 프로빗 준모수 회귀모형과 기존의 다른 모형들 간의 적합결과를 비교하고, 형태 제약에 따른 순서형 프로빗 준모수 회귀모형의 적합결과를 비교 분석하도록 한다. 아울러, 국민건강영양조사 제 7기 1차년도 (2016) 자료(Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2016)를 바탕으로, 본 논문에서 고찰한 이항형 및 순서형 프로빗 준모수 회귀모형을 적용하여, 흡연양태와 커피섭취 간의 관계에 대한 실증적 분석을 수행한다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.239-257
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• 2009

This paper develops and discusses a method by which it is possible to evaluate the Equivalent Static Force (ESF) of wind in the case of long-span bridges. Attention is focused on the alongwind direction. The study herein carried out deals with the classical problems of determining the maximum effects due to the alongwind action and the corresponding ESFs. The mean value of the maximum alongwind displacement of the deck is firstly obtained both by the spectral analysis and the Gust Response Factor (GRF) technique. Successively, in order to derive the other wind-induced effects acting on the deck, the Gust Effect Factor (GEF) technique is extended to long-span bridges. By adopting the GRF technique, it is possible to define the ESF that applied on the structure produces the maximum alongwind displacement. Nevertheless the application of the ESF so obtained does not furnish the correct maximum values of other wind-induced effects acting on the deck such as bending moments or shears. Based on this observation, a new technique is proposed which allows to define an ESF able to simultaneously reproduce the maximum alongwind effects of the bridge deck. The proposed technique is based on the GEF and the POD techniques and represents a valid instrument of research for the understanding of the wind excitation mechanism.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2020

Based on translation models, both Gaussian and non-Gaussian wind fields are generated using spectral representation method for investigating the influence of non-Gaussian characteristics and directivity effect of wind load on fatigue damage of wind turbine. Using the blade aerodynamic model and multi-body dynamics, dynamic responses are calculated. Using linear damage accumulation theory and linear crack propagation theory, crack initiation life and crack propagation life are discussed with consideration of the joint probability density distribution of the wind direction and mean wind speed in detail. The result shows that non-Gaussian characteristics of wind load have less influence on fatigue life of wind turbine in the area with smaller annual mean wind speeds. Whereas, the influence becomes significant with the increase of the annual mean wind speed. When the annual mean wind speeds are 7 m/s and 9 m/s at hub height of 90 m, the crack initiation lives under softening non-Gaussian wind decrease by 10% compared with Gaussian wind fields or at higher hub height. The study indicates that the consideration of the influence of softening non-Gaussian characteristics of wind inflows can significantly decrease the fatigue life, and, if neglected, it can result in non-conservative fatigue life estimates for the areas with higher annual mean wind speeds.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2024

The aerodynamic damping is an essential factor that can considerably affect the dynamic response of the cable-stayed bridge induced by crosswind load. However, developing an accurate and efficient aerodynamic damping model is crucial for evaluating the crosswind load-induced response on cable-stayed bridges. Therefore, this study proposes a new method for identifying aerodynamic damping of the bridge structures under crosswind load using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the particle filter (PF) algorithm. The EKF algorithm is introduced to capture the aerodynamic damping ratio. PF technique is used to select the optimal spectral representation of the noise. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed solution were investigated through full-scale vibration measurement data of the crosswind-induced on the bridge's girder. The results show that the proposed solution can generate an efficient and robust estimation. The errors between the target and extracted values are around 0.01mm and 0.003^o, respectively, for the vertical and torsional motion. The relationship between the amplitude and the aerodynamic damping ratio is linear for small reduced wind velocity and nonlinear with the increasing value of the reduced wind velocity. Finally, the results show the influence of the level of noise.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2006

디지털 카메라 시스템에서 CMOS 이미지 센서 (CMOS image sensor, CIS)는 낮은 가격, 작은 시스템 크기, 특히 적은 소비전력의 장점을 가지고 있어 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 CIS에서 획득된 영상의 색은 원래의 피사체와 서로 다르고, CIS를 사용한 서로 다른 디지털 카메라는 촬상 특성의 차이에 의해서 통일한 자극치에 대해서 서로 다른 특성을 가지게 된다 이러한 CIS의 촬상 특성에 의해서 표준 색에 대한 출력 특성이 서로 다르게 되고, 영상 출력 장치에서도 동일한 색 재현을 기대하기가 어렵기 때문에 CIS를 위한 컬러 보정이 요구된다. 기존의 컬러 보정 방법은 많은 시간에 걸친 여러 변의 반복적 실험 과정에 의한 경험적 방법을 통해서 구하고 있으며, 그 결과 또한 만족스럽지 못한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 CIS를 이용한 디지털 카메라를 위한 효과적인 컬러 랩 방법을 새롭게 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 화이트 밸런스만을 조정한 카메라 자체의 전달 특성을 구하고, 이상적인 표준 카메라의 전달 특성에 가깝도록 컬러 보정 행렬을 통해 컬러 보정을 수행한다. 실험 결과, 카메라 전달 특성이 보정 전에 비해 표준 카메라의 전달 특성에 매우 가깝게 보정되었으며, 제안한 방법을 적용한 디지털 카메라의 출력 영상에 대한 화질도 상당히 향상된 것을 확인하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.249-274
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• 2015

Long-span cable-stayed bridges exhibit some features which are more critical than typical long span bridges such as geometric and aerodynamic nonlinearities, higher probability of the presence of multiple vehicles on the bridge, and more significant influence of wind loads acting on the ultra high pylon and super long cables. A three-dimensional nonlinear fully-coupled analytical model is developed in this study to improve the dynamic performance prediction of long cable-stayed bridges under combined traffic and wind loads. The modified spectral representation method is introduced to simulate the fluctuating wind field of all the components of the whole bridge simultaneously with high accuracy and efficiency. Then, the aerostatic and aerodynamic wind forces acting on the whole bridge including the bridge deck, pylon, cables and even piers are all derived. The cellular automation method is applied to simulate the stochastic traffic flow which can reflect the real traffic properties on the long span bridge such as lane changing, acceleration, or deceleration. The dynamic interaction between vehicles and the bridge depends on both the geometrical and mechanical relationships between the wheels of vehicles and the contact points on the bridge deck. Nonlinear properties such as geometric nonlinearity and aerodynamic nonlinearity are fully considered. The equations of motion of the coupled wind-traffic-bridge system are derived and solved with a nonlinear separate iteration method which can considerably improve the calculation efficiency. A long cable-stayed bridge, Sutong Bridge across the Yangze River in China, is selected as a numerical example to demonstrate the dynamic interaction of the coupled system. The influences of the whole bridge wind field as well as the geometric and aerodynamic nonlinearities on the responses of the wind-traffic-bridge system are discussed.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.591-600
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• 2018

The probabilistic characterization of wind field characteristics is a significant task for fatigue reliability assessment of long-span railway bridges in wind-prone regions. In consideration of the effect of wind direction, the stochastic properties of wind field should be represented by a bivariate statistical model of wind speed and direction. This paper presents the construction of the bivariate model of wind speed and direction at the site of a railway arch bridge by use of the long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) data. The wind characteristics are derived by analyzing the real-time wind monitoring data, such as the mean wind speed and direction, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral scale, and power spectral density. A sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm-based finite mixture modeling method is proposed to formulate the joint distribution model of wind speed and direction. For the probability density function (PDF) of wind speed, a double-parameter Weibull distribution function is utilized, and a von Mises distribution function is applied to represent the PDF of wind direction. The SQP algorithm with multi-start points is used to estimate the parameters in the bivariate model, namely Weibull-von Mises mixture model. One-year wind monitoring data are selected to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling method. The optimal model is jointly evaluated by the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and coefficient of determination, $R^2$. The obtained results indicate that the proposed SQP algorithm-based finite mixture modeling method can effectively establish the bivariate model of wind speed and direction. The established bivariate model of wind speed and direction will facilitate the wind-induced fatigue reliability assessment of long-span bridges.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1989

정규칙파 중에서의 이차원 주상체의 대진폭 운동이 시간영역 수치계산법에 의해 다루어졌다. 물체표면 경계조건을 각 순간의 실제 물체표면에서 적용하므로 대진폭 운동에서 고려되어야 하는 물체 위치변화 및 형상변화 등에 의한 비선형효과가 고려되고 있으며, 자유표면에서의 비선형효과는 고려되지 않는다. 단순강제동요 및 자유동요문제에 적용된 바 있는 물체 표면 소오스 분포와 자유표면 스펙트럴 표현방법이 입사파의 강제력을 포함하도록 확장 적용되었고 물체의 운동응답은 시간적분법에 의해 계산되었다. 잠수 및 부유주상체의 대진폭 운동이 시간영역에서 직접 시뮬레이션되어 비선형 효과들이 보여지고 있으며, 대진폭 운동시 파강제력에 영향을 미치는 비선형효과가 고찰되어, 물체와 유체입자의 상대운동이 수평 및 수직방향 시간평균력들에 상당한 영향을 미침이 보여지고 있다.