• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report that applying the genetic discrimination method to Pinelliae Tuber is suitable as a countermeasure for the limitations of morphological identification announced publicly in the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety(MFDS). Methods : Randomly selected fifty samples in Pinelliae Tuber imported from China were used for morphological and genetic identification. The morphological identification was applied method announced publicly by the MFDS. The traits of morphological identification were classified as Pinellia ternata, P. tripartita, Pinellia pedatisecta, and Typhonium flagelliforme, according to the formation of tuberous root and tuber morphology. The genetic identifications were conducted by Sequence Characterized Amplified Region(SCAR) marker and DNA barcoding analysis for cross-validation, respectively. SCAR marker was verified according to the presence or absence of amplicon through PCR amplification using species-specific primers. DNA barcoding analysis used sequence information of the matK region. Results : As a result of the morphological identification, 27 out of 50 samples were identified as original species 'P. ternata' of genuine 'Pinelliae Tuber', and 23 were identified as adulterant species 'P. pedatisecta'. Unlike this, the genetic identification was identified as the original species 'P. ternata' in all 50 samples in the SCAR marker and matK regional sequence analysis. Conclusions : Pinelliae Tuber of morphological mutant that can not be classified by morphological identification is imported from China. The SCAR marker would be used as accurate and efficient assays for species identification of the morphological mutant.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 2018

Objectives : Pharbitidis Semen, the seeds of Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth or I. purpurea (L.) Roth, is well-known traditional herbal medicine in Korea. But it is often marketed as a different seed or mixtures of its closely related species. Thus, the present study aims to provide external and micromorphological characters and identification key by using stereoscope (ST) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for discriminating authentic of Pharbitidis Semen. Methods : A discrimination on external morphological characteristics of sepals, fruits, seeds, and hilum, testa cell micromorphology in the original plants and its congeneric species was carried out using digital calipers, ST, and SEM. Results : Number of valves (degree of apex of each valve), number of seeds per locule, hairy in capsules and size, luster, density of hairy, hilum shape in seeds and shape of cell, anticlinal, periclinal wall in testa may have high discriminative value. The seeds of Ipomoea nil as an original plant of Pharbitidis Semen were distinguished from other species by the relative larger in size, ovoid-trigonous in shape, mostly flabellate or triangular to trapezoid in outline (c.s.), dull, and puberulent in surface and thicken anticlinal wall. Conclusions : On the basis of the results, an identification key of Pharbitidis Semen and closely related species is provided. Our observations suggest that the combination of morphological characters and other studied results could be helpful in the successfully identified authentic herbal medicines. Moreover, micromorphological characters using SEM could be useful for discriminating authentic medicines.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.278-285
• /
• 2012

Cymbidium goeringii is one of the most important and popular species in the orchid family in north-east Asia. In the present study, we prepared multiplex PCR system, and used it for the genotyping of eight simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers (CG409, CG415, CG709, CG722, CG787, CG1023, CG1210, and CG1281) in subject with 40 samples of cultivated varieties. All the analyzed samples showed different combined genotypes. The average combined power of discrimination was very high value of $7.14{\times}10^{-10}$, and observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.466) was similar with two wild populations of C. goeringii, which may indicate no or little occurrence of genetic change after collection from wild habitats. The present study also developed a two-dimensional barcode to express information of genotype results of eight SSR markers (SSR DNA ID). The discrimination power of DNA ID between two individuals will be statistically more than 99.999999%. The SSR DNA ID and two-dimensional barcode may be very usefully applied for the discrimination and maintence of cultivars of C. goeringii.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.352-358
• /
• 2018

This study aimed to develop a species identification method for the egg and fry of the three Korean bitterling fishes (Pisces: Acheilognathinae), including Acheilognathus signifer, Acheilognathus yamatsutae and Rhodeus uyekii based on the PCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) markers. We conducted a field survey on the Deokchicheon River from the North Han River basin, where the three Acheilognathinae species co-occur, and also analyzed the existing sequence dataset available from the GenBank. We found coexistence of the three species at the study site. The egg and fry were obtained from the host mussels (Unio douglasiae sinuolatus) by hand from May to June 2015 and in May 2017. To develop PCR-based RFLP markers for species identification of the three Acheilognathinae fish species, restriction enzymes pinpointing species-specific single nucleotide variation (SNV) sites in mitochondrial DNA COI (cytochrome oxidase I) and cyt b (cytochrome b) genes were determined. Genomic DNA was extracted from the egg and fry and RFLP experiments were carried out using restriction enzymes Apal I, Stu I and EcoR V for A. signifer, A. yamatsutae and R. uyekii, respectively. Consequently, unambiguous discrimination of the three species was possible, as could be seen in DNA band patterns from gel electrophoresis. Our developed PCR-based RFLP markers will be useful for the determination of the three species for the young and would assist in studying the spawning patterns and reproductive ecology of Acheilognathinae fishes. Furthermore, we believe the obtained information will be of importance for future maintenance, management and conservation of these natural and endangered species.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.361-366
• /
• 2017

Background: In the herbal medicinal industry, Angelica gigas Nakai, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. and Angelica acutiloba (Siebold & Zucc.) Kitag. are often confused, because the roots of the three species can not be distinguished by their appearance. This confusion can cause serious side effects. In this study, we determined the origins of Angelica roots distributed in the Korean market using the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed based on the A. gigas chloroplast DNA sequence. Methods and Results: We collected twenty seven A. gigas and three A. acutiloba samples from the Seoul, Daegu, and Cheongju herbal medicinal markets. Fifty sections of one collection were mixed and ground to make a powder, which was used for DNA extraction using the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Chloroplast based SSR markers were applied to the DNA for the determination of the species. In addition, polymorphism was found in eight samples. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the A. gigas roots collected from herbal medicinal markets were clearly discriminated from A. sinensis and A. acutiloba even though they were grouped into four clusters. Conclusions: This study showed that chloroplast based SSR markers would help the discrimination of Angelica roots in the Korean herbal medicinal industry and the markers are useful to prevent confusion between Angelica roots.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.581-589
• /
• 2021

Using visible-near infrared(Vis-NIR) spectra combined with machine learning methods, the feasibility of quick and non-destructive classification of Convolvulaceae species was studied. The main aim of this study is to classify six Convolvulaceae species in the field in different geographical regions of South Korea using a handheld spectrometer. Spectra were taken at 1.5 nm intervals from the adaxial side of the leaves in the Vis-NIR spectral region between 400 and 1,075 nm. The obtained spectra were preprocessed with three different preprocessing methods to find the best preprocessing approach with the highest classification accuracy. Preprocessed spectra of the six Convolvulaceae sp. were provided as input for the machine learning analysis. After cross-validation, the classification accuracy of various combinations of preprocessing and modeling ranged between 43.4% and 98.6%. The combination of Savitzky-Golay and Support vector machine methods showed the highest classification accuracy of 98.6% for the discrimination of Convolvulaceae sp. The growth stage of the plants, different measuring locations, and the scanning position of leaves on the plant were some of the crucial factors that affected the outcomes in this investigation. We conclude that Vis-NIR spectroscopy, coupled with suitable preprocessing and machine learning approaches, can be used in the field to effectively discriminate Convolvulaceae sp. for effective weed monitoring and management.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 2007

In order to develop a sensitive and reliable method for the species-specific molecular markers, PCR-RFLP assay of the mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA) 12S rRNA gene was exploited for the identification of the origin of animal meat species including cattle, pig, sheep, goat, horse, deer, chicken, duck and turkey. A specific primer pairs were designed, based on the nucleotide sequences of mt 12S rRNA gene, for the amplification of the highly conserved region in the gene of the animal species using PCR-RFLP technique. mt DNA was isolated from meat samples followed by DNA amplification using PCR with the specific primers. PCR amplification produced an approximately 455 bp fragment in each of these animal meats. To distinguish pleat species, the PCR amplicons were digested with restriction endonucleases Tsp5091 and MboI, respectively, which generates distinct RFLP profiles. The DNA profiles digested with Tsp5091 allowed the clear discrimination in the mammalian meat species and the DNA profiles digested with MboI in poultry meat species. Therefore, the PCR-RFLP profiles of mt 12S rRNA gene could be very useful to identify the origin of the raw materials in the raw meats as well as the processed meat products.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.35-39
• /
• 2011

Objectives : Genetic analysis and taste pattern were performed to identify species between Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra which are officially listed in Korean Pharmacopoeia IX as origin of Gamcho(g$\={a}$nc$\v{a}$o, licorice root, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). Methods : Genetic analysis showed that identification between two species was done by comparing base sequence of ITS(intergenic transcribed spacer) and trnH-psbA regions from eleven Gamchoes sold in market. There was different taste pattern using by taste sensor in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra. Results : Genetic analysis showed that six Gamchoes from China were identified as Glycyrrhiza uralensis and five Gamchoes from Uzbekistan were G. glabra. From the results of taste pattern, sourness and astringency of Glycyrrhiza uralensis from China were significantly higher than G. glabra from Uzbekistan, and aftertaste of astringency, aftertaste of umami, and saltiness of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were signicantly low as compared to G. glabra. There is no significant difference between two species in terms of bitterness, aftertaste of bitterness, and umami. Conclusions : Taken together, Glycyrrhiza uralensis from China and G. glabra from Uzbekistan were identified by taste sensor, and this technic could be applied to establishment of taste pattern marker for identification of different species located in various regions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2010

Expensive herbs such as ginseng are always a possible target for fraudulent labeling. New mountain ginseng strains have occasionally been found deep within mountain areas and commercially traded at exorbitant prices. However, until now, no scientific basis has existed to distinguish such ginseng from commonly cultivated ginseng species other than by virtue of being found within deep mountain areas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer has been shown to be an appropriate method for the identification of the most popular species (Panax ginseng) in the Panax ginseng genus. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified between three newly found mountain ginseng (KGD4, KGD5, and KW1) and already established Panax species. Specific PCR primers were designed from this SNP site within the sequence data and used to detect the mountain ginseng strains via multiplex PCR. The established multiplex-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of newly found mountain ginseng strains, Korean ginseng, and foreign ginseng in a single reaction was determined to be effective. This study is the first report of scientific discrimination of "mountain ginsengs" and describes an effective method of identification for fraud prevention and for uncovering the possible presence of other, cheaper ginseng species on the market.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.89-108
• /
• 2007

The purpose of the study are summarized as follows: First, it has researched the new functions of middleman in Fisheries Port Market. Second, the new functions which middleman have to perform in Fisheries Port Market consist of the origin function, marketing function, logistics function. The origin function consists of the discrimination of fish species and freshness, making the price by auction, financing, etc. Marketing function consists of various species assortment from not only fisheries port market but also non fisheries port market as frozen and import fish markets, finding the new selling markets as not broker but wholesaler, making the price and margin non through the action, processing, etc. Logistics function consist of fish stock, delivery Third, it has recognized the upcoming important problems by building up the new functions as middleman in Fisheries port Market. This study has used a questionnaire to verify 3 hypotheses. Research model, factor analysis, regression analysis. The result of this study are summarized as follows: The origin function influences positively on the effectiveness of middleman's performance in Fisheries port Market. Marketing function influences positively on the effectiveness of middleman's performance. However, logistics function did not directly influences on the effectiveness of middleman's performance.