• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제38권6_2호
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• pp.1743-1747
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• 2022

Sentinel-2는 분광파장대나 공간해상도 측면에서 우리나라 차세대중형위성 4호(농림위성)의 모의영상으로 활용될 수 있다. 이 단보에서는 향후 농림위성영상에 적용하기 위한 예비실험으로, 딥러닝 기술을 이용한 Sentinel-2 영상의 구름탐지를 수행하였다. 전통적인 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 모델인 DeepLabV3+와 최신의 Transformer 모델인 Shifted Windows (Swin) Transformer를 이용한 구름탐지 모델을 구축하고, Radiant Earth Foundation (REF)에서 제공하는 22,728장의 학습자료에 대한 암맹평가를 실시하였다. Swin Transformer 모델은 0.886의 정밀도와 0.875의 재현율로, 과탐지와 미탐지가 어느 한쪽으로 치우치지 않는 경향을 보였다. 딥러닝 기반 구름탐지는 향후 우리나라 중심의 실험을 거쳐 농림위성 영상에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제38권5_3호
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• pp.953-966
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• 2022

에어로솔(aerosol)은 대기 질을 악화시키는 등 인체 건강에 악영향을 끼치므로 에어로솔의 분포 및 특성에 대한 정량적인 관측이 필수적이다. 최근 전 지구 규모에서의 주기적이고 정량적인 정보 획득 수단으로 위성관측 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) 영상이 다양한 연구에 활용되지만 광학센서 기반의 위성 AOD 영상은 구름 등의 조건을 가진 일부 지역에서 결측을 가진다. 이에 본 연구는 위성자료의 결측복원을 위하여 격자형 기상자료와 지리적 요소를 입력변수로 하여 Random Forest (RF) 기반 gap-filling 모델을 생성한 이후, gap-free GK-2A/AMI AOD hourly 영상을 산출하였다. 모델의 정확도는 -0.002의 Mean Bias Error (MBE), 0.145의 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)로, 원자료의 목표 정확도보다 높으며 상관계수 0.714로 복원 대상이 대기변수인 점을 감안하면 상관계수 측면에서도 충분한 설명력을 갖춘 모델이다. 정지궤도 위성의 높은 시간 해상도는 일변화 관측에 적합하며 대기보정을 위한 입력, 지상 미세먼지 농도 추정, 소규모 화재 또는 오염원 분석 등 타 연구를 위한 자료 활용 측면에서 중요하다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권6_1호
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• pp.1407-1419
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• 2020

지구환경 변화를 파악하는 데 있어서는 장기 시계열의 격자자료가 필수적이며, 기후 재분석장과 위성자료는 대기 및 지표면 변수에 대하여 전 지구 규모에서 주기적이고 정량적인 정보로 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 위성자료의 결측 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 DCT-PLS (penalized least square regression based on discrete cosine transform) 기반의 결측복원 기법을 서로 다른 특성을 가진 복수의 격자자료에 적용하고, 정량적인 검증을 통하여 그 활용성을 평가하였다. 원본 자료와의 객관적인 비교를 위하여 결측이 없는 LDAPS (Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System) 모델로부터 상대습도, 풍속 일자료를 추출하고, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)의 월간 합성 LST (land surface temperature), NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) 영상을 사용하여, 임의로 생성된 결측 블록이 원본에 매우 가깝게 복원됨을 확인하였고, 4가지 변수 모두에서 상관계수 0.95 이상의 일치도를 나타내었다. DCT-PLS 기반 결측복원 기법은 별도의 보조자료를 필요로 하지 않고, 필요시 시간 및 공간 정보를 모두 활용할 수 있으며, 처리속도가 비교적 빠르기 때문에 현업시스템에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.391-400
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• 2007

To identify the spatial distribution pattern of water quality in Masan Bay, Pearson's correlation as a common statistic method and Moran's I as a spatial autocorrelation statistics were applied to the hydrological data seasonally collected from Masan Bay for two years ($2004{\sim}2005$). Spatial distribution of salinity, DO and silicate among the hydrological parameters clustered strongly while chlorophyll a distribution displayed a weak clustering. When the similarity matrix of Moran's I was compared with correlation matrix of Pearson's r, only the relationships of temperature vs. salinity, temperature vs. silicate and silicate vs. total inorganic nitrogen showed significant correlation and similarity of spatial clustered pattern. Considering Pearson's correlation and the spatial autocorrelation results, water quality distribution patterns of Masan Bay were conceptually simplified into four types. Based on the simplified types, Moran's I and Pearson's r were compared respectively with spatial distribution maps on salinity and silicate with a strong clustered pattern, and with chlorophyll a having no clustered pattern. According to these test results, spatial distribution of the water quality in Masan Bay could be summed up in four patterns. This summation should be developed as spatial index to be linked with pollutant and ecological indicators for coastal health assessment.

• 농촌계획
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2023

As the demand for environmental-friendly agricultural products continues to rise due to increased concerns regarding food safety and ecosystem conservation, it is becoming important to identify regions and spatial locations where environmental-friendly should be intensively established for production integration. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of environmental-friendly certified farms in Jeollanam-do, South Korea. Spatial statistical analysis based on Local Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi^* were used to identify spatial cluster characteristics and landscape indices were utilized to analyze spatial patterns of environmental-friendly certified farms. The results indicated that Haenam-gun, Gangjin-gun, Muan-gun, and Jindo-gun were identified as hotspots, while Muan-gun, Goheung-gun, and Jindo-gun exhibited high connectivity. This suggests that environmental-friendly certified farms in Muan-gun and Jindo-gun were clustered and closely connected to one another. Based on the results of the spatial distribution of environmental-friendly certified farms, areas belonging to the hotspot and with high connectivity should be managed as clustered districts to secure the foundation and system of environmental-friendly certified farms. Areas that belong to cold spots and have low connectivity should be preceded by measures to promote conversion to environmental-friendly agriculture. In addition, it is necessary to make it possible to create a large-scale cluster district through a long-term spatial planning strategy to expand the environmental-friendly certified farms. The findings of this study can provide quantitative data on policies and discussions for developing a model for rural spatial planning.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.587-607
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• 2020

Soil moisture is essential information for meteorological and hydrological analyses. To date, many efforts have been made to achieve the two goals for soil moisture data, i.e., the improvement of accuracy and resolution, which is very challenging. We presented an ensemble downscaling method for quality improvement of gridded soil moisture data in terms of the accuracy and the spatial resolution by the integration of BMA (Bayesian model averaging) and ATPRK (area-to-point regression kriging). In the experiments, the BMA ensemble showed a 22% better accuracy than the data sets from ESA CCI (European Space Agency-Climate Change Initiative), ERA5 (ECMWF Reanalysis 5), and GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) in terms of RMSE (root mean square error). Also, the ATPRK downscaling could enhance the spatial resolution from 0.25° to 0.05° while preserving the improved accuracy and the spatial pattern of the BMA ensemble, without under- or over-estimation. The quality-improved data sets can contribute to a variety of local and regional applications related to soil moisture, such as agriculture, forest, hydrology, and meteorology. Because the ensemble downscaling method can be applied to the other land surface variables such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, it can be a viable option to complement the accuracy and the spatial resolution of satellite images and numerical models.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.204-216
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• 2021

It is important to understand the factors influencing the temporal and spatial variability of water quality in order to establish an effective customized management strategy for contaminated aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the spatial diversity of the 5-year (2015 - 2019) average total phosphorus (TP) concentration observed in 40 Total Maximum Daily Loads unit-basins in the Nakdong River watershed was analyzed using 50 predictive variables of watershed characteristics, climate characteristics, land use characteristics, and soil characteristics. Cross-correlation analysis, a two-stage exhaustive search approach, and Bayesian inference were applied to identify predictors that best matched the time-averaged TP. The predictors that were finally identified included watershed altitude, precipitation in fall, precipitation in winter, residential area, public facilities area, paddy field, soil available phosphate, soil magnesium, soil available silicic acid, and soil potassium. Among them, it was found that the most influential factors for the spatial difference of TP were watershed altitude in watershed characteristics, public facilities area in land use characteristics, and soil available silicic acid in soil characteristics. This means that artificial factors have a great influence on the spatial variability of TP. It is expected that the proposed statistical modeling approach can be applied to the identification of major factors affecting the spatial variability of the temporal average state of various water quality parameters.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.733-739
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• 2016

일사량은 지구 내 시스템의 에너지원으로 작용하는 중요한 지표변수로써, 원격탐사를 통해 모니터링 하는 것은 태양 에너지의 잠재량을 평가할 수 있어 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 한반도에서 관측 빈도에 따른 일 평균 일사량 산출의 민감도를 분석하고자 한다. COMS의 채널 자료 및 구름탐지 분석자료, 구름에 의한 일사량의 감쇠 정도를 이용하여 시간 해상도가 1시간과 3시간 간격의 자료를 이용하여 일사량을 산출하였다. 전천을 의미하는 공간적 범위만큼 Hemispherical Integration를 실시하였고, 각 일사량을 일 평균하여 지상 37곳의 일사계 자료와 검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 1시간 간격의 자료를 이용하여 일평균한 일사량은 $28.6401W/m^2$의 정확도를, 3시간 간격의 자료를 이용하여 일 평균한 일사량은 $30.4960W/m^2$의 정확도를 보여, 일 평균 일사량은 위성의 관측 빈도에 큰 민감도를 보이지 않았다. 하지만 시간해상도가 다른 두 일사량은 공간적 분포에서 구름의 관측 빈도에 따라 큰 차이를 보였고, 구름의 관측 빈도와 두 일사량의 차이 간 민감도 분석을 실시한 결과 최대 $19.4392W/m^2$의 민감도를 보였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.543-550
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• 2004

Dense macroalgal assemblages are a common feature of the rocky subtidal habitats along the coast of Geumo Archipelago in the central South Sea of Korea, but are highly variable in space. This study addresses two questions concerning the algal assemblages: (1) how variable the distribution, abundance and species composition of the assemblages are in space, and (2) how closely the distribution, abundance and species composition of the assemblages are correlated to the spatial variation in abiotic factors. To answer these questions, we investigated 30 sites along the coast in autumn of 2003. The nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that there were strong differences in the composition and abundance of species in the assemblages among the sites. The similarity among the sites based on presence/absence data was approximately 51%, whereas the similarity based on abundance data was less than 37%, suggesting that the abundance of species contributed much to these differences. There were also strong differences in the number of species, abundance and vertical distribution of the assemblages along the coast. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the number of species, abundance and vertical distribution of the assemblages had a positive relationship with water depth, but less than 58% of total variation in these variables was explained by this abiotic factor. The results suggest that spatial (between habitats) variation is an important and consistent component of subtidal algal assemblages in Geumo Archipelago and should be explained before any differences between localities are assessed.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1987

To study the body trunk basic to Clothing construction, and study the peculiarities of visual spatial division, necessary items are measured indirectly from 216 unmarried women from 19 to 24 years old by a photographic net-work method. In so doing, the problem of Fashion Design in establishing the location of Darts for Basic Dress is not considered. The following results are obtained. 1) Indirect measuring method, is obtained approximate to actual size, with an error of .+-. 2.8cm. 2) In the modeling plan of Dart location viewed from the visual-spatial division in Basic Dress, it is concluded that Darts are to be placed at the point of 1/3k+1/5k form the waist. From the aesthetic point of wiew, it is more appealling for darts to be placed at the point of 6cm .+-. 0.6cm right or left of center. 3) From direct measurement dart location can be set based on bust point width, and from indirect measurement, dart location can be set based on waist width.