• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop a $CO_2$ emission factor for refuse plastic fuel (RPF) combustion facilities, and calculate the $CO_2$ emissions from these facilities. The $CO_2$ reduction from using these facilities was analyzed by comparing $CO_2$ emission to facilities using fossil fuels. The average $CO_2$ emission factor from RPF combustion facilities was 59.7 Mg $CO_2$/TJ. In addition, fossil fuel and RPF use were compared using net calorific value (NCV). Domestic RPF consumption in 2011 was 240,000 Mg/yr, which was compared to fossil fuels using NCV. B-C oil use, which has the same NCV, was equal to RPF use. In contrast, bituminous and anthracite were estimated at 369,231 Mg/yr and 355,556 Mg/yr, respectively. In addition, the reduction in $CO_2$ emissions due to the alternative fuel was analyzed. $CO_2$ emissions were reduced by more than 350 Mg $CO_2$/yr compared to bituminous and anthracite. We confirmed that using RPF, an alternative fuel, can reduce $CO_2$ emissions.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.44-54
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• 2014

A standard plastic garbage bag which was discarded from Incheon Metropolitan City was composed of 4.5% recyclable resources (aluminum cans 0.2%, steel cans 2.5%, glass 1.8%), 92.5% resources with recoverable energy (papers 23.0%, plastics 15.5%, combustible etc. 54.0%) and 3.0% non-combustible etc. Recycling is more effective than landfilling for aluminum cans, steel cans, and glass. The energy recovery process using solid refuse fuel (SRF) is more effective than incineration for papers and plastics. Incineration is more effective than recycling for combustible etc. 2,068,948 Million Btu of total energy savings and 21,008 $MTCO_2E$ of total GHG reductions were obtained by the application of the proposed scheme. The total energy savings were equivalent to an economic benefit of 422 billion won per year. The total GHG reductions were equivalent to a GHG benefit of 4,119 passenger cars not running per year. The lower calorific value of the combustible materials was obtained to be 1,936 kcal/kg of papers, 5,079 kcal/kg of plastics and 2,462 kcal/kg of combustible other resources, respectively. If papers and plastics are properly mixed, the mixture can be used as SRF. The lower calorific value of combustible other resources does not meet the quality criteria for refuse derived fuel, therefore its components are inappropriate to used as solid refuse fuel.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.453-460
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• 2009

In order to provide fundamental data for developing high-grade(high-quality and low-pollution) Refuse Derived Fuel(RDF), we analyzed caloric value and HCl content by Municipal Solid Waste(MSW) type. The caloric value was analyzed using calorimeter and HCl content was analyzed using mercury(II) thiocyanate method. In case of paper type the caloric value was 3,060~3,608kcal/kg and the HCl content was 239~6,135ppm. In case of vinyl-plastics the caloric value was 5,946~9,888kcal/kg and the HCl content was 429~455,771ppm. According to the result of quality assessment by MSW type, the calroric value of vinyl-plastics type was showed higher than that of paper type and in case of HCl content the paper type was showed lower than vinyl-plastics type. So, We mixed paper and plastic wastes. The caloric value of mixed MSW(paper and plastics) was 5,046~9,125kcal/kg and the HCl content was 239~6,135ppm. Also, The caloric value of packaging waste(film-plastics) was 5,982~8,045kcal/kg. Therefore It is possible to develop high-grade Refuse Derived Fuel through suitable mixing of paper and plastic in municipal solid waste.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.526-531
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• 2009

This paper suggests the dehydration and RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) production of organic sludge, livestock manure and sewerage sludge causing environmental problems, with hydrothermal pre-treatment process. The renewable technology from the organic wastes must involve short treatment time required, reusable energy source, anti-odor and viruses, low cost for the treatment, and well-fertilization. The hydrothermal pre-treatment process promotes to evaporate moisture in the sludge after being shortly treated in a reactor, which is supplied steam and heat by an external boiler, due to the pressure with steam breaks the cell walls of the sludge, so this process removes the internal moisture of the cell. Then, the treated sludge(solid-state) is mixed with waste vinyls called RDF(6,706kcal/kg).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.560-571
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• 2019

In the study, used torrefaction method to make sample from organic waste of livestock manure for Biomass-solid refuse fuel feasibility study of torrefied materials. Fallen leaves and sawdust added in torrefaction methods with livestock manure, that additives were used to improve the lower calorific value of livestock manure. During the torrefaction experiment, the reaction temperature was varied from $200^{\circ}C$ to $260^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ to prepare a sample. The reaction time was divided into 15, 30 and 45min to determine the effect of the experimental conditions on the torrified products. The additives were mixed at a ratio of 9:1 and 8:2 (Cow manure: additive) relative to the livestock manure. Through this experiment, it was obtained 3,500 kcal/kg standard product of solid fuel produced in Korea and improved product was obtained by adding additives.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.636-641
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• 2015

Waste energy conversion to SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel) has the effects not alternative fossil fuel usage but also the reduction of greenhouse gas. But the direct burning of the SRF including a plastic waste generates air pollution problem like soot, dioxin, etc. so that an application of pyrolysis and gasification treatment should be needed. The purpose of this study is to supply a basic thermal data of the pyrolysis gasification characteristics in the plastic-rich SRF which are needed for developing the novel pyrolyser or gasifier. To do so, a bench-scale test rig was newly engineered, and then experiments were achieved for the production characteristics of gas, tar, and char. While SRF sample, gasification air ratio, holding time changed as 2 g, 0.691, 32 min respectively, the $H_2$ 1.36%, $CH_4$ 2.18%, CO 1.88%, $Cl_2$ 15.9 ppm, HCl 6.4 ppm were composed. Also light tar benzene $4.03g/m^3$, naphthalene $0.39g/m^3$, anthracene $0.11g/m^3$, pyrene $0.06g/m^3$, gravimetric tar $18g/m^3$, and char 0.29 g was formed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.719-725
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• 2020

Objectives: With the growth of national interest in fine particulate matter, many complaints about pollutants emitted from air pollution emitting facilities have arisen in recent years. In particular, it is thought that a large volume of particulate pollutants are discharged from workplaces that use Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF). Therefore, particulate contaminants generated from SRF were measured and analyzed in this study in terms of respective particle sizes. Methods: In this study, particulate matter in exhaust gas was measured by applying US EPA method 201a using a cyclone. This method measures Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM), and does not consider the Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) that forms particles in the atmosphere after being discharged as a gas in the exhaust gas. Results: The mass concentration of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in the four SRF-using facilities was 1.16 to 11.21 mg/Sm3, indicating a very large concentration deviation of about 10 times. When the fuel input method was the continuous injection type, particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛ diameter showed the highest particle size fraction, followed by particulate matter smaller than 10 ㎛ and larger than 2.5 ㎛, and particulate matter of 2.5 ㎛ or less. Contrary to the continuous injection type, the batch injection type had the smallest particle size fraction of particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛. The overall particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased from 100% to 60% at the batch input type D plant. In addition, as incomplete combustion significantly decreased, the particle size fraction also changed significantly. Both TSP and heavy metals (six items) satisfied the emissions standards. The measured value of the emission factor was 38-99% smaller than the existing emissions factor. Conclusions: In the batch injection facility, the particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased, as did the particle size fraction of the particulate matter. These results will help the selection of effective methods such as reducing the operating load factor instead of adjusting the operating time during emergency reduction measures.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.236-245
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• 2000

A laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor was developed to treat the combustion characteristics of some fuels (wood, paper sludge, refuse derived fuel). The aims were to introduce the means of experiment and interpretation of the results and finally determine the particle characteristics on the pyrolysis and combustion process of the fuel. A single particle combustion process in the fluidized bed was closely observed. Understanding experimental facility characteristics and determining parameters were also carried out. The fuel combustion processes were observed by carbon conversion rate, recovery and mean carbon conversion time. They were estimated with the CO, $CO_2$ gas concentration monitored at the exit of the combustor. Fuel drying and pyrolysis process were governed by temperature distribution in the fuel particle. There was a significant overlap of the drying and devolatilization. However, transition process from devolatilization to char combustion seemed to be determined by mechanical solidity of the fuel particle after devolatilization process.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.676-682
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• 2009

Devolatilization of the Refuse Derived Fuel(RDF) which is produced at WonJu in Korea was characterized in air atmosphere with variation of heating rate(10, 20 and $30^{\circ}C/min$) in TGA. The results of TG Analysis have shown that the pyrolysis and char combustion of the RDF occurred in the range of $350{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ depending on the heating rate. Activation energy of the RDF which was determined by using Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method was in the range of 14.44~18.40 kcal/mol. Also, reaction order(n) and pre-exponential factors(A) were 1.219 and $3.02{\times}10^5$ by using Friedman method, respectively. In order to find out the devolatilization mechanism of the RDF, twelve solid-state mechanisms defined by Coats Redfern Method were tested. The results of the Coats Redfern Method have shown that chemical reaction is the effective mechanism by comparison with the value of the activation energy which was derived from the Friedman and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method and correlation coefficient from twelve solid-state mechanisms of Coats Redfern Method. The solid state decomposition mechanism of the RDF was found to be a decelerated $F_1$ type, random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle.

• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.616-626
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• 2018

The quality standards of solid refuse fuel (SRF) define the values for 12 physico-chemical properties, including moisture, lower heating value, and metal compounds, according to Article 20 of the Enforcement Rules of the Act on Resource Saving and Recycling Promotion. These parameters are evaluated via various SRF Quality Test Methods, but problems related to the heavy metal content have been observed in the microwave acid digestion method. Therefore, these methods and their applicability need improvement. In this study, the appropriate testing conditions were derived by varying the parameters of microwave acid digestion, such as microwave power and pre-treatment time. The pre-treatment of SRF as a function of the microwave power revealed an incomplete decomposition of the sample at 600 W, and the heavy metal content analysis was difficult to perform under 9 mL of nitric acid and 3 mL of hydrochloric acid. The experiments with the reference materials under nitric acid at 600 W lasted 30 minutes, and 1,000 W for 20 or 30 minutes were considered optimal conditions. The results confirmed that a mixture of SRF and an acid would take about 20 minutes to reach $180^{\circ}C$, requiring at least 30 minutes of pre-treatment. The accuracy was within 30% of the standard deviation, with a precision of 70 ~ 130% of the heavy metal recovery rate. By applying these conditions to SRF, the results for each condition were not significantly different and the heavy metal standards for As, Pb, Cd, and Cr were satisfied.