• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.439-442
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• 2007

A solid state Hg(Au)/HgO reference electrode was prepared utilizing gold amalgam solid particles. Solid fine powder of the gold amalgam was prepared by chemical reduction of Au(III) with NaBH4 followed by reduction of Hg(II) in the presence of gold fine particles. The solid content in the suspension of the gold amalgam particles and fine mercury oxide particles in DMF containing PVC was precipitated by the addition of a large amount of water to give solid Hg(Au)/HgO/PVC mixture. After drying, the mixture was pressure-molded to a physically stable Hg(Au)/HgO composite reference electrode material. The electrochemical characteristics of the electrode as a reference electrode were very similar to an ordinary Hg/HgO reference electrode. The electrode material can be molded and fabricated in any desired shape and size. The surface can be renewed by a simple polishing process whenever contaminated or deactivated. The applicability of the electrode in the electrochemical detection of carbohydrates after anion exchange separation was evaluated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.3128-3132
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• 2010

A disposable solid-state pH sensor was realized by utilizing two nanoporous Pt (npPt) electrodes and a copolyelectrolytic junction. One nanoporous Pt electrode was to measure the pH as an indicating electrode (pH-IE) and the other assembled with copolyelectrolytic junction was to maintain constant open circuit potential ($E_{oc}$) as a solid-state reference electrode (SSRE). The copolyelectrolytic junction was composed of cationic and anionic polymers immobilized by photo-polymerization of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, making buffered electrolytic environment on the SSRE. It was expected to make. The nanoporous Pt surrounded by a constant pH excellently worked as a solid state reference electrode so as to stabilize the system within 30 s and retain the electrochemical environment regardless of unknown sample solutions. Combination between the SSRE and the pH-IE commonly based on nanoporous Pt yielded a complete solid-state pH sensor that requires no internal filling solution. The solid state pH sensing chip is simple and easy to fabricate so that it could be practically used for disposable purposes. Moreover, the solid-state pH sensor successfully functions in calibration-free mode in a variety of buffers and surfactant samples.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2022년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.57-58
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• 2022

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures play a significant role in the construction industries. An embeddable solid-state reference electrode (ESSRE) was used to evaluate the corrosion status of steel rebar in the concrete of various cover thicknesses that exposed to the maritime environment (3.5 % NaCl) in this study. From the open circuit potential measurement (OCP), the passive state, the corrosion uncertainty, and the 90% probability of corrosion state of the steel rebars in the concrete were monitored by ESSRE. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method, severe corrosion was observed at the exposure period of 1510, 1847, 2350, and 3020 h for C10, C15, C20, and C30 concrete, respectively. The results confirm that the ESSRE can be useful to identify the corrosion occurrence and severe corrosion of steel rebar embedded in different cover depth concrete structures.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2016

도시가스사업법령에서는 매설된 강관에는 부식을 방지하기 위하여 전기방식 조치를 하도록 하고 있다. 미국 등 국외에서 방식전위기준은 방식전류가 흐르는 상태에서 포화황산동 기준전극으로 -850 mV(On potential) 이하로 하도록 하고 있으며, 이 경우 전압강하(IR-Drop)를 고려하도록 하고 있다. 그러나, 국내의 방식전위 기준은 포화황산동 기준전극으로 -850mV 이하로 하도록 규정하고 있을 뿐, 전압강하를 고려하도록 규정하고 있지 않다. 다만, KGS GC202에서 가스시설에 대한 전위측정은 가능한 한 가스시설과 가까운 위치에서 기준전극으로 실시하도록 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기준전극을 매설배관 주위, 지표면 및 지표면 하부 50cm에 각각 설치하여 방식전위를 측정하고, 측정위치에 따른 전위값을 비교하여 전압강하를 분석하였다. 전위 측정결과 기준전극을 매설배관 가까이에 위치하였을 때 IR-Drop이 가장 적고, 지표면에 기준전극을 위치할 때 IR-Drop 값이 가장 큼을 확인하였다. 따라서, 고체기준전극을 매설하는 경우에는 가능한 한 매설배관 가까이에 설치할 것을 제안하였다. 또한, 기존에 설치된 배관의 원격전위 측정을 위해서는 기존에 설치된 전위측정용터미널(T/B) 하부에 고체기준전극을 매설할 수 있도록 전기방식 기준전극 설치 기준 개정(안)을 제시하였다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 1993년도 추계 학술발표 강연 및 논문 개요집
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• pp.69-71
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• 1993

Fluoride compound potentiometric cell oxygen sensors were fabricated for the measurement of oxygen pressure in the low temperature range (300。K-500。K). The disk type sensors consist of a reference Air(0$_2$):Ag, a solid electrolyte SrF$_2$, and a sensing metel Ag electrode. And the buried reference electrode type sensor have a NiO/Ni reference electrode. The open circuit emf of the cell showed high sensivity to oxygen gas (60mv) at the measuring temperature 20$0^{\circ}C$. Also, The buried reference electrode type sensor showed 30mv from 1% to 10% oxygen pressure range.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2006년 창립20주년기념 정기학술대회 및 국제워크샵
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• pp.177-180
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• 2006

This study is to make a basic study if solid zinc (Zn) can be used for buried reference electrode, so we examined the adequacy of zinc as reference electrode by using zinc which showed regular electrode for buried period. The deference of electric potential if zinc electrode for corrosion factor such as soil resistivity or pH didn't show fixed trend and there was no clear trend on the change of measurement period. From field test, it is known that the natural electric potential difference of CSE electrode and zinc electrode is 1,100mV, but the electric potential of zinc electrode for CSE electrode in the natural soil and copying soil was 1,094~1,158mV. There was no fixed trend on the change of measurement period and electric potential difference of zinc electrode for corrosion factors such as soil resistivity or pH. Consequently, there was 40~60mV of electric potential difference in every copying soil during the experiment measurement.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.817-823
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• 2000

A solid-state electrochemicall cell for sensing CO2 gas was fabricated using a solid electrolyte of Li2CO3-Li3PO4-Al2O3 mixture and a reference electrode of LiMn2O4. The e.m.f. (electromotive force) of sensor showed a good accordance with theoretical Nernst slope (n=2) for CO2 gas concentration range of 100-10000 ppm above 35$0^{\circ}C$. The e.m.f. of sensor was constant regardless of oxygen partial pressure at the high temperature above 0.1 atm. It was, however, a little depended on oxygen partial pressure as the pressure decreased below 0.1 atm. The oxygen-dependency of our sensor gradually disappeared as the operating temperature increased. The sensing behavior of our CO2 sensor was affected by the presence of water vapor, but its effect was small comparing with other sensors.

• 센서학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1996

NASICON 전해질을 이용하여 대기환경 측정용의 SOx센서를 개발하였다. 다음 형태의 $Na_{2}SiO_{3}(Pt)$ 기준전극을 사용한 갈바니 셀을 조립하였다. Pt | $Na_{2}SiO_{3}$ | NASICON | $Na_{2}SO_{4}$ | Pt, $SO_{2}$, air $SO_{2}$ 와 NASICON의 반응을 피하기 위해 $Na_{2}SO_{4}(Pt)$를 지시전극으로 사용하였으며, $400{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 $5{\sim}95ppm$ 농도의 $SO_{2}$ 가스를 주입하고 나서 EMF를 측정하였다. $500^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서 측정된 EMF는 계산치와 일치하였으나, $500^{\circ}C$ 이하에서는 불완전한 평형 때문에 센서의 거동이 불안정하였다. 감응시간은 약 10분 정도 이내였다. 이전지의 안정도와 응답시간으로 보건데, $Na_{2}SiO_{3}(Pt)$를 기준전극으로 하고 순수 $Na_{2}SO_{4}(Pt)$를 지시전극으로한 NASICON 고체전해질은 SOx 측정용의 상업적인 센서물질로써 가능성이 있다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.912-917
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• 2007

Many electrochemical power devices such as solid state batteries and solid oxide fuel cell have been studied and developed for solving energy and environmental problems. An amperometric gas sensor usually generates sensing signal of electric current along the proportion of the concentration of target gas under the condition of limiting current. For narrow variations of gas concentration, the amperometric gas sensor can show higher precision than a potentiometric gas sensor does. In additional, cross sensitivities to interfering gases can possibly be mitigated by choosing applied voltage and electrode materials properly. In order to improve the sensitivity to $NO_2$, the device was attached with Au reference electrode to form the amperometric gas sensor device with three electrodes. With the fixed bias voltage being applied between the sensing and counter electrodes, the current between the sensing and reference electrodes was measured as a sensing signal. The response to $NO_2$ gas was obviously enhanced and suppressed with a positive bias, respectively, while the reverse current occurred with a negative bias. The way to enhance the sensitivity of $NO_2$ gas sensor was thus realized. It was shown that the response to $NO_2$ gas could be enhanced sensitivity by changing the bias voltage.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2023년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.281-282
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• 2023

The solid-state reference electrodes made of polyaniline-coated MnO₂ (SSRE-PAM) and their electrochemical characteristics were studied in simulated concrete pore solutions (SCPS) containing 0 and 3.5% NaCl. Saturated calomel electrodes (SCE) have been used to conduct electrochemical studies on the stability behavior of SSRE-PAM. Open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used to assess the corrosion performance of steel rebar exposed in SCPS with 0 and 3.5% NaCl using SSRE-PAM. The results demonstrate that the SSRE-PAM was capable of identifying steel rebar in a concrete environment that was either passive or active. Potentiodynamic polarization parameters such as E_corr and I_corr for steel rebar in SCPS containing 0 and 3.5%)NaCl are greater than that of the passive condition (0% NaCl). All the studies validate the importance of using SSRE-PAM for corrosion monitoring applications in concrete structures.