• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 1994

Effects of some sources on the vegetative growth of Naematoloma sublateritium (Fr.) Karst. were investigated using liquid and solid culture media. Temperature, pH, carbohydrates as carbon sources, amino acids as nitrogen sources, the optimal carbon/nitrogen ratio, mineral element and organic acids were studied for good mycelial growth. We could improve a new semisynthetic medium for mycelial growth in N. sublateritium.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.24-37
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• 2007

The Korean Ministry of Environment started controlling indoor air quality (IAQ) in 2004 through the introduction of a law regulating the use of pollutant emitting building materials. The use of materials with formaldehyde emission levels above $1.25 mg/m^2{\cdot}h$ (JIS A 1901, small chamber method) has been prohibited. This level is equivalent to the $E_2$ grade ($>5.0mg/{\ell}$) of the desiccator method (JIS A 1460). However, the $20{\ell}$ small chamber method requires a 7-day test time to obtain the formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission results from solid building interior materials. As a approach to significantly reduce the test time, the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) has been proposed in Europe with a total test time less than one hour. This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emissions from wood-based composites such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), laminate flooring, and engineered flooring using three methods: desiccator, perforator and FLEC. According to the desiccator and perforator standards, the formaldehyde emission level of each flooring was ${\le}E_1$ grade. The formaldehyde emission of MDF was $3.48 mg/{\ell}$ by the desiccator method and 8.57 g/100 g by the perforator method. To determine the formaldehyde emission, the peak areas of each wood-based composite were calculated from aldehyde chromatograms obtained using the FLEC method. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were detected as aldehyde compounds. The experimental results indicated that MDF emitted chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xy-lene, styrene, and o-xylene. MDF emitted significantly greater amounts of VOCs than the floorings did.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.5
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• pp.259-272
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• 1999

The real nature of the west wind in Shelley's Ode to the West Wind is the divine providence which influences all things in this world- that is, whether they are on land, in the sky, or in the sea. The divine providence is the manifestation of something beyond the present and tangibel object. In the first stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the wild wind, the breath of Autumn's being, the unseen presence, the azure sister of the Spring, a Destroyer, a Preserver, the winged seed, a creator, a philosopher, a poet, Shelley, and the wild spirit moving everywhere. In the second stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is cloud, the angel of rain and lightning, fierce Maenad, the approaching storm, the congregated might, the black rain, the fire, hail, solid atmosphere, the tremendous power of revolutionary change, and the power that influences all things in the sky. In the third stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the voice that makes the oozy woods which wear the sapless foliage of the Atlantic, and the power makes the blue Mediterranean wake from his summer dream. the fit medium of expression which Shelley's soul was seeking for, Shelley's passion, Shelley's partner, Shelley's co-worker, and a strong presence which influences in the sea. In the fourth stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the mightest presence, the power, the strength, the free presence, the uncontrollable, the wanderer over heaven, a vision, the tameless, the swift, the proud and the God who can save Shelley form the heavy weight of hours and lift Shelley as a wave a leaf, a cloud. In the fifth stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the mighty harmony, the fierce Spirit, Shelley's spirit, the impetuous spirit, incanation of this verse, spark, the trumpet of a prophecy, the Providence which can make the Winter depart and call Spring, and the prophet. To conclude, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is Shelley's accumulated insight that he visulize his impulse of revolutionary thought.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.4271-4274
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• 2014

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step during embryonic morphogenesis and plays an important role in drug resistance and metastasis in diverse solid tumors. We previously reported that 48 h treatment of anti-cancer drug doxorubicin could induce EMT in human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells. However, the long term effects of this transient drug treatment were unknown. In this study we found that after 48 h treatment with $0.1{\mu}g/ml$ doxorubicin, most cells died during next week, while a minor population of cells survived and formed colonies. We propagated the surviving cells in drug free medium and found that these long term cultured drug survival cells (abbreviated as ltDSCs) retained a mesenchymal-like cell morphology, and expressed high levels of EMT-related molecules such as vimentin, twist and ${\beta}$-catenin. The expression of chromatin reprogramming factors, Oct4 and c-myc, were also higher in ltDSCs than parental cells. We further demonstrated that the protein level of p300 was upregulated in ltDSCs, and inhibition of p300 by siRNA suppressed the expression of vimentin. Moreover, the ltDSCs had higher colony forming ability and were more drug resistant when compared to parental cells. Our results suggested that an epigenetic mechanism is involved in the EMT of ltDSCs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.235-243
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• 1976

As an investigation on the catabolite repression system in cellulase production by Cellulomons sp. CS1-1, the organism was tested on the avicel overlay plates containing glucose or cellobiose at a range of concentration and was grown in continuous culture vessel, supplied by cellobiose medium, aiming the enhanced production of extracellular CM-cellulase at low dilution rates. Product inhibition of cellulase action by cellobiose was also tested. The results obtained are: i) no inhibition of CM-cellulase was observed up to 10 mM(3.4mg/ml) cellobiose in the reaction mixture, however 30% inhibition was observed at 20mM and 55% at 50mM, ii) the tests of catabolite repression on the solid media were successful, and avicel degradation was markedly repressed by glucose or cellobiose, iii) at low concentrations of cellobiose, dilution rate 0.05 and $1.0hour^{-1}$, no significant increase was observed in the production of either intra or extracellular CM-cellulase.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2018

In this study, the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) of hydrogen production process by using the Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 was conducted and advanced methodology to compensate the weakness of previous FMEA methodology was applied. To bring out more quantitative and precise FMEA result for bio-hydrogen production process, fuzzy logic and potential loss cost estimated from ASPEN Capital Cost Estimator (ACCE) was introduced. Consequently, risk for releasing the flammable gases via internal leakage of steam tube which to control the operating temperature of main reactor was caution status in FMEA result without applying the fuzzification and ACCE. Moreover, probability of the steam tube plugging caused by solid property like medium was still caution status. As to apply the fuzzy logic and potential loss cost estimated from ACCE, a couple of caution status was unexpectedly upgraded to high dangerous status since the potential loss cost of steam tube for main reactor and decrease in product gases are higher than expected.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.183-196
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• 2017

The research efforts directed at advancing water electrolysis technology continue to intensify together with the increasing interest in hydrogen as an alternative source of energy to fossil fuels. Among the various water electrolysis systems reported to date, systems employing a solid polymer electrolyte membrane are known to display both improved safety and efficiency as a result of enhanced separation of products: hydrogen and oxygen. Conducting water electrolysis in an alkaline medium lowers the system cost by allowing non-platinum group metals to be used as catalysts for the complex multi-electron transfer reactions involved in water electrolysis, namely the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER, respectively). We briefly review the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and electrocatalysts developed and applied thus far in alkaline AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE) devices. Testing the developed components in AEMWE cells is a key step in maximizing the device performance since cell performance depends strongly on the structure of the electrodes containing the HER and OER catalysts and the polymer membrane under specific cell operating conditions. In this review, we discuss the properties of reported AEMs that have been used to fabricate membrane-electrode assemblies for AEMWE cells, including membranes based on polysulfone, poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phylene) oxide, polybenzimidazole, and inorganic composite materials. The activities and stabilities of tertiary metal oxides, metal carbon composites, and ultra-low Pt-loading electrodes toward OER and HER in AEMWE cells are also described.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.109-122
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• 1993

ln this paper, a finite element analysis procedure is proposed for the incremental multi-step excavations in a fluid-saturated porous medium such as saturated soil ground. As the basis of derivation, Biot's equation was used. The proposed procedure was applied to some one- and two-dimensional problems under incremental excavations. Unsaturated cases as well as saturated cases were considered for comparison. Through numerical tests, the effects of permeability and excavation speed on the deformation history was investigated. Results showed that pore pressure built up during incremental excavation has a significant effect on the deformation and stresses of solid skeleton and validated the use of the present procedure for the analysis of multi-step excavations in fluid-saturated media such as in saturated shallow ground.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.393-397
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• 2001

The innovatory process, that is the direct separation and recovery of the iron and zinc metals contained in the high temperature exhaust gas generated from the electric arc furnace fer the inn scrap melting and/or the dust treatment, has been proposed. This proposed process consists of the moving coke bed filter that is directly connected to the electric furnace, and the following heavy metal condenser. The exhaust gas passes through the filter and the condenser right after exhausting from the electric furnace. The moving coke bed filter is being controlled at about 1000℃ and collects iron and slag components contained in the high temperature exhaust gas. Heavy metals such as zinc and lead pass through the filter as vapor. Based on the thermodynamic considerations, the iron oxide and the zinc oxide are reduced in the filter. The solution loss reaction rate is comparatively low at about 1000℃ in the coke bed filter by the analysis using the mathematical simulation model. The heavy metal condenser is installed in the position after the coke bed filter, and rapidly cools the gas from about 1000℃ to 450℃ by a full of the cooling medium like the solid ceramic ball in addition to the cooling from the wall. The zinc and lead vapor condense and separate f개m the gas in a liquid state. The investigation of the characteristics of the exhaust gas of the commercial electric arc furnace, the fundamental experiments of the laboratory scale and the bench scale ensured the formation of this proposed process. A small-scale pilot plant examination is carrying out at present to confirm the formation of the process. It is certain that the dust generation of the electric arc furnace is extremely decreased, and it can save the energy consumption of usual dust treatment processes by the realization of this process.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.1 s.46
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• pp.1-5
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• 1981

Effect of crude saponin and raw ginseng juice on root rot pathogens such as Fusarium solani and Erwinia carotovora for there growth or spore germination was investigated. Macroconidial germination of F. solani was decreased as the incrasee of the crude saponin concentration. especially, percentage of the germination was remarkably reduced when the concentration was more than 500ppm. The spore production of F. solani was also reduced as the increase of the crude saponin concentration and this phenomenon was particularly profound on a solid medium. Mycelial growth was decreased when the crude saponin was added, while the effect of the concentration was not apparently significant. The higher concentration of raw ginseng juice is, the more the growth of F. solani. Growth of E. carotovora was enhanced by crude ginseng saponin and raw ginseng juice. The crude ginseng saponin stimulated the growth of E. carotovora as the increase of the concentration, while more growth of the bacteria obtained at $1\%$ raw ginseng juice added.