• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.41
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• pp.68-92
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of social welfare expenditure in local government. The period of 1995 through 1998 data in Seoul, 6 other metropolitan areas, and 9 provinces (Do) were selected and pooled as unit of analysis and total 8 independent variables were selected based on the theoretical background and previous studies. The pooled cross-sectional time-series regression using SPSS program was adapted for the analysis. Among selected independent variables, the rate of economic expenditure to the local government expenditure, the rate of financial self-reliance, and the increase rate of social welfare expenditure to the previous year has been played a significant role in the rate of social welfare expenditure to the total expenditure. Both the rate of economic expenditure and rate of financial self-reliance have had a negative impacts on the rate of social welfare expenditure and the increase rate of social welfare expenditure have affected the rate of social welfare expenditure positively. Therefore, the variables based on the economic constraint theory as well as incrementalism perspective gives greater explanatory power of the social welfare expenditure than the variables on the political choice theory in Korean local government.

• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.387-411
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• 2005

The purpose of this article is to analyse the expenditure structure of the welfare mix; in order to grasp the holistic feature of the Korean social welfare. Most of all, the article attempts to elaborate the estimation methods of social welfare expenditure by including the components from which has been excluded so far - indirect tax expenditure of the government, nursery payments of households, life insurance pay-outs for survivors, inter-household private income transfers and the value of caring work of the family. In so doing, the article estimates that the total social welfare expenditure including state, enterprise, market, NPOs and family reached at 24.7% of GDP in 2000, which is approximately 2.5 times more than public social welfare expenditure. It implies that non-state, private sectors dominates the structure of social welfare provisions in Korea. In addition, based on the analyses of the expenditure structure, the article defines the main feature of Korea's welfare mix as the 'mixed structure of the welfare mix dominated by the protective family', or 'expanded public sector, relatively limited market, and protective family'. Such a family-dominated welfare mix structure in Korea indicates that the fundamental source of solidarity of the Korean social welfare system is family and, therefore, the welfare regime of Korea can be classified as 'Conservative'.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.42
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• pp.7-40
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• 2000

This paper examines the changes $(1982{\sim}1992)$ of social welfare expenditures of 12 welfare states. This paper focuses on two questions. First, to what extent have there been changes in social welfare expenditure (total social welfare expenditures, income support expenditures, social service expenditures) of 12 welfare states? Second, what are the causes of the changes in social welfare expenditures? Using Comparative Welfare States Data Set by Stephens(1997) and Social Expenditure Database by OECD (1999), this paper attempts to answer two questions. Fuller-Battese model, a data analysis method in pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis, is adopted to identify variables predicting social welfare expenditure changes. This paper analyzes the predictors separately according to the types of welfare states by Esping-Andersen (1990). Predictors are different by the types of welfare states; thus, economic variables such as GDP and financial deficiency have effects on social welfare expenditures of Liberal and Corporatist welfare states. while they have no effects in Social Democratic welfare states. Political variables has effects on social welfare expenditures of Corporatist welfare states, not of Liberal and Social Democratic welfare states. Demographic variables has effects on social welfare expenditures of Social Democratic welfare states rather than Liberal and Corporatist welfare states. This paper provides an additional knowledge about social welfare expenditure changes of 12 welfare states and discusses implications for the development of welfare state in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.36
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• pp.21-37
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• 1998

The scale of Social expenditure is significant yardstick to evaluate the standard of development in social welfare. But, it was not produced systemically, continuously in Korea. This study is to search how is produced social expenditure statistics in Korea. For this purpose, this paper studied how it is defined, classified, and categorized in the light of international institute such as OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), ILO(International Labor Organization), and IMF(International Monetary Fund). This paper suggests that Social expenditure statistics in Korea must be calculated continuously, systemically, and is collected periodically by Ministry of health and Welfare. This paper also shows what is considered to understand social expenditure in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.337-357
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• 2012

This study explores a changing social expenditure structure of welfare states on new social risks, using logistic regression analysis with Panel Corrected Standard Errors Model on panel data of 1997-2007 years from 27 OECD nations. The result of this study presents that social expenditure structures have been adjusted with new social risk structure due to trade openness, female employment rates, and child population rates. Greater trade openness, higher women's employment rates, and lower child population rates are, more social investment expenditures are than income security expenditures. Rates of employment in service industries and elderly population rates are not statistically significant on the change of social expenditure structure. This result does not imply a complete switch from demand-based to supply-based social policy, but somewhat reflects transitions of a social welfare system for changing economic and social environments in order to sustain welfare state economically.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.35-60
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• 2018

This paper investigates the effects of fiscal decentralization on public welfare finance, focusing that welfare status experienced a post-industrial society has proposed decentralization as a response. The decentralization includes local government responsibilities and expanded roles under the background of fiscal distress of center governments and new social risks. For the analysis, the first theory is established to find out the effect of fiscal decentralization on social expenditure. Also, the second theory is set up for the relationship between the level of fiscal decentralization and composition of social expenditure. Findings indicate that the level of social expenditure of state would decrease as the level of fiscal decentralization increases. Also, the more the level of fiscal decentralization increases, the more the in-kind benefits among total welfare expenditure increase.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.193-200
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to assess the effect of variables influencing Korean baby-boomers' welfare consciousness. For this purpose, data from the $8^{th}$ supplementary survey of the Korea Welfare Panel in 2013 were analyzed. The subjects of analysis were 2,035 people who were born between 1955 and 1965 whose welfare panel data did not have missing values for the variables of the research model. According to the results of analysis, first, when the descriptive statistics of the major variables were analyzed, those showing a relatively high mean score among the sub-factors of the baby-boomers' welfare consciousness were 'expansion of expenditure for public assistance' (mean 3.65, SD .557), 'expansion of expenditure for social insurance' (mean 3.53, SD .646), and 'expansion of expenditure for social services' (mean 3.26, SD .424). The mean score of the baby-boomers' overall welfare consciousness was relatively high as 3.45 (SD .428), advocating the expansion of welfare expenditure. Second, the independent variables influencing the baby-boomers' welfare consciousness was found to have explanatory power of 12.9%. In the results of regression analysis, variables found to have a significant effect were gender (B=.100, t=2.573, p<.01), personal responsibility for poverty (B=-.151, t=-3.635, p<.01), social responsibility for poverty (B=.149, t=3.437, p<.001), and recipient's laziness (B=.251, t=6.578, p<.001). Based on these results were discussed major relevant policies.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.55
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• pp.155-179
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• 2003

This paper compares two indicators, economic development and social condition, to find a better way to measure the level of social welfare development. The results show that social condition is more adequate indicator than economic development. The social condition has high correlation with the development of social welfare in all the 78 countries as well as in five groups of countries when the economic development is controlled. The comparison of two indicators reveals important findings. Among other things, the higher the level of social condition compared with economic development, the larger the social welfare expenditure. This tendency is particularly strong among the western European countries and former socialist countries. This result implies that the macro-level policy of social redistribution is also important for the development of social welfare in addition to micro-level policy of income redistribution. As we expected, the results show that the level of Korean social welfare development is very low. Considering our levels of economic development and social condition, predicted social welfare expenditure from regression model is at least 17% of GDP, but we are spending only 30% of this predicted expenditure. Another serious problem in Korean social welfare is unbalanced expenditure between social insurance and public assistance. On the basis of these results, this paper suggests three implications for social policy to improve Korean social welfare: First of all, the gap between predicted and actual expenditures should be closed to improve the minimum level of social welfare. Secondly, the level of social condition itself should be improved to increase the public awareness of social welfare. Finally, the wide difference in expenditure between universal and selective social welfare programs should also be removed to decrease the relative deprivation of the poor.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.207-231
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the intergovernment relationship on the local government's social welfare expenditure. The data of 230 local governments from 2003 to 2008 were analyzed with the PCSE(Panel Corrected Standard Errors) Model of Beck and Kats. The results were as follow. First, financial transfer from the higher governments increase the social welfare expenditure of the local governments. Second, the party structure, that is the political relationships among local, regional, and central governments, affect the social welfare expenditure of the local governments. Third, the local governments compete each other to expand the social welfare expenditure in Korea. These results suggest that the relationship of local governments with the higher ones as well as the community factors is important in Korea, where the centralization is still strong in the local autonomy system, to understand the development of social welfare.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.378-389
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• 2013

Health care expenditure might be understood as a core source of social welfare. It is mainly due to the fact that the health care expenditure is closely related to the level of social welfare. And, therefore, the paper is basically designed to investigate the effect of social welfare improvement resulted from an increasing in per capita, private, public, and total health care expenditures during 1995-2009 periods. Empirical evidence reveals that the improvement of social welfare in middle income group reveals the highest improvement in social welfare, and the other income groups maintain a quite similar pattern in improvement of social welfare. As far as category of health care expenditure concerns, the effect of social welfare improvement by per capita health care expenditure is in general lower in all case. And, private sector achieves the highest improvement of social welfare in comparing with public and total health care expenditures. To this end, it could be tentatively concluded that the private health care expenditure has to be substituted for the public sector to induce market-oriented operational system. Accordingly, it would be better to build an institutional basis more elaborately in setting up the market system.