• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.55-64
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• 1992

Officers and ratings as a group might show differences in some aspects of personality , human relations, job attitudes, perception of business environment and surrounding organizational structure. It has been traditionally believed that licenced-officers are required to have nicely-paired leadership and dignity , and ratings obedience in maritime field. This survey revealed that officers and ratings have some differences in the actual behavior, knowledge , understanding attitude etc., In summary , officers as a superstructure of merchant ship's orgnaization are different, to some degree, from ratings as an infrastructure in several aspects. Officers are believed to have the characteristics of maturity by taking concern of business environment , social circumstance away from the vessels which they are on board. In contrast, ratings are greatly interested in the surrounding environment associated with themselves, and also experiencing alienation and technology.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.191-205
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• 2016

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is a Roman period guide to trade and navigation in the Indian Ocean. Justly famous for offering a contemporary and descriptive account of early Indian Ocean trade, the work has been subject to and a point of departure for numerous studies. Its extensive influence on scholarship is, however, also problematic, as it reflects the limited information and cultural and personal bias of its unknown author. Arguably this might have led scholars to overemphasise so-called western or Roman participation in early Indian Ocean trade. Network analysis allows us to map, visualize and measure interconnectedness in the Periplus Maris Erythraei. Many of these connections are not explicitly mentioned in the text, but by connecting not only places with places, but also products with places that export and import them, we get a partly different impression of Indian Ocean trade from that conventionally gathered from the Periplus. It allows us to ask questions about the relationship between coastal cabotage and transoceanic shipping, to identify regional trading circuits, and unexpected centres of long-distance exchange.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.599-605
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• 2006

The Port Development has been achieved by the Government because it needs large scale of funds. However, since 1994, the Govenment has been implemeting private investments for constructing and operating the ports and so on. Although the Government had high expectation that it could expedite the expansion of the port facilities, there were many problems in view of construction, management, financial and social environment. This study figure out that most of the important reasons are the uncertainty of risk allocation between private investors and the Government, using with Analytic Hierarchy Process. It is expected that the results of this study will encourage more private investors to participate in port private investments in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.29-38
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• 1997

Because of the result of a large use of electronic equipments, the occupation density of microwave frequency band is highly increased, and electromagnetic environment is getting more seriously bad. It is sometimes reported that electronic machines are not normally operated on account of the influence of undesired electromagnetic wave, which often gives fatal blow to even human life and thus becomes serious social problems. OATS(Open Area Test Site) is principally used to measure EMI or examine elelctromagnetic emission. Because of various restrictions we often build semi-anechoic chamber which has the function of OATS to measure EMI or EMS other than OATS. If the difference of the site attenuation between semi-anechoic chamber and OATS is within ${\pm}3dB$, the semi-anechoic chamber is recognized as adequate facility to measure EMI or EMS. Accordingly authors evaluate and analyze site attenuation due to absorbent materials, polarization, mutual coupling effects, etc. The calculated and the measured site attenuation in semi-anechoic chamber are compared. As a result good agreement is obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.33-50
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• 1996

The routes of coastal passenger ships are important in the light of both economic and social view point. Islands around the Korean peninsular can be actually dominated by linking them with land by the ships. The service quality of the route is not high enough to satisfy habitants in the islands. The income of the service-users is increasing so that they expect better service in terms of ship's speed and cabin. The reality is not, however, good to motivate ship-owners to replace aged ships with new and large ones. The situation is caused by low passenger-fare and inefficient management. Therefore the fare should be raised and the fare system should be innovated. And the number of passenger ship companies should be reduced from 42 to 20 by merger and acquisition.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.734-741
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• 2020

This article proposes a new pedestrian avoidance algorithm for social robots that coexist and communicate with humans and do not induce stress caused by invasion of psychological safety distance(Social Distance). To redefine the pedestrian model, pedestrians are clustered according to the pedestrian's gait characteristics(straightness, speed) and a social distance is defined for each pedestrian cluster. After modeling pedestrians(obstacles) with the social distances, integrated navigation algorithm is completed by applying the newly defined pedestrian model to commercial obstacle avoidance and path planning algorithms. To show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, two commercial obstacle avoidance & path planning algorithms(the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) algorithm and the Timed Elastic Bands (TEB) algorithm) are used. Four cases were experimented in applying and non-applying the new pedestrian model, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the stress index of pedestrians without loss of traveling time.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.99-108
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• 2014

Purpose - The goals of this study are the following. First, this study focused on customer satisfaction of in-flight service. Specifically, in-flight duty free items were considered because of their potential value related with the differentiated strategy of airline companies. Second, this study analyzed feasible strategies that would fence off the aversive attitudes of consumers toward innovation regarding in-flight duty free items. Third, this study strived to discover implicit routes related with the reactions of of consumers to innovation. Fourth, the construal level theory was applied to the context of in-flight service. Psychological distance is expected to promote acceptance of innovation for duty free items. Research design, data, and methodology - This study consisted of three experiments. All data were collected through the participation of university students. First, the experiment employed a 2×2 between-subject design. The first independent variable was temporal distance (long vs. short of navigation time). The second independent variable was innovativeness (innovative duty free items vs. typical items). Further, experiment 2 involved a 2×2 between-subject design. The first independent variable was social distance (typical vs. atypical stewardess image). The second was innovativeness that was based on a pattern similar to that of the prior experiment. The third experiment involved a 2×2×2 design. The first and second independent variables were temporal distance and item innovation, respectively, based on the method of experiment 1. The third independent variable was cognitive depletion (depletion vs. control condition). Results - Experiment 1 demonstrated that the innovation of duty free items would need to consider the journey time of the airline. Specifically, innovative items were preferred in case of a long journey; typical items, however, were liked in a short journey. Further, experiment 2 demonstrated that, in spite of a short journey, innovative items would be preferred if an atypical stewardess was serving. An atypical stewardess was linked with social distance, and the psychological effects would activate a creative and flexible mindset that would fit with innovative duty free items. The final experiment was accomplished for the examination of cognitive processing of psychological distance on innovation-acceptance. Specifically, if the effects were related with systematic processing, then cognitive effort would be needed. In contrast, if they were related with heuristic processing, then such efforts would not be required. The same pattern appeared under both cognitive depletion and control condition; therefore, the effects of psychological distance were implied to be heuristic processing. Conclusions - Managers need to consider the navigation time, stewardess concepts, and depletion of consumers as important factors for innovative strategy regarding in-flight service. Longer journeys are more successful for innovative trials. Further, a more atypical stewardess image is more successful for atypical service. Long navigation and unfamiliar stewardesses may activate creative and flexible thinking. Further, cognitive depletion of consumers is not a dominant factor of psychological distance effects, because the effects are not related with systematic processing, but with heuristic processing.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.5 s.116
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• pp.582-599
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• 2006

Due to the growing popularity of mobile information technology, more people, especially in the general public, have access to computerized geospatial information systems for wayfinding tasks or urban navigation. One of the problems with the current services is that, whether the users are exploring or navigating, whether they are travelers who are totally new to a region or long-term residents who have a fair amount of regional knowledge, the same method is applied and the direction are given in the same way. However, spatial knowledge for a given urban region expands in proportion to residency. Urban navigation is highly dependent on cognitive mental images, which is developed through spatial experience and social communication. Thus, the wayfinding service for a regional community can be highly supported, using well-known regional places. This research is to develop the framework for urban navigation within a regional community. The concept of communal ontology is proposed to aid in urban regional navigation. The experimental work was implemented with case study to collect regional landmarks, develop the ontological model and represent it with formal structure. The final product of this study will provide the geographical information of a region to the other agent and be the fundamental information structure for cognitive urban regional navigation.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1998

Presently, it was faced with serious social problems as traffic accident, parking violation & traffic congestion due to change of industrial structure, expansion of economic volume, elevation of national life level and rapid motorization. Accordingly, the study is research to improve immidiate transportation problems which could be establish the rating model about consideration degree of evaluation factor based on MDPREF's method in connection with Intelligent Transportation System(ITS)

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.613-624
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• 2021

The use of social networking sites (SNS) for e-recruitment has shifted the focus away from traditional hiring and selection processes. They are commonly used in the search and acquisition of new employees and are projected to expand in the near future as an e-recruitment tool. However, there is a lack of material on SNS and their impact on an employers' intention to use these sites for e-recruitment, in the context of Malaysia. Hence, there is an acute necessity for research on the extent that the features of SNS can influence the employers' intention to use SNS for e-recruitment and to know how to keep utilizing the platform for future e-recruitment. This study aims to identify the key features of SNS that lead to employers' intention to use SNS for e-recruitment in Malaysia. In this cross-sectional study, random sampling was utilized to obtain data from 198 recruitment professionals using online survey. The findings show that data quality, reliability, networking spectrum and simplicity of navigation of SNS are the key predicting factors for intention to use SNS for e-recruitment. Therefore, employers should acknowledge these key features of SNS to achieve their e-recruitment goals.