• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analysis the relationship between hours of smartphone use and neck pain in university students. Methods : A survey of 2,353 university students was conducted in Gyeonggi province and Incheon city using a self report questionnaire from April 1 to 11 2013. The questionnaire of questions regarding the hours of using smartphone, mainly used function in participant's smartphone and neck discomfort degree. Neck disability index(NDI) was used to evaluate degree of pain. The collected data were analyzed with the t-test and Kendall's tau test using the SPSS 21.0 program and R 3.1.0, respectively. Results : 1. Almost all of the survey participants(99.07 %) were smartphone users. 66.97 % of them answered that they use their smartphone daily more than 2 hours and 48.18 % of them answered that they use their smartphone 10 to 30 minutes everytime they use it. 2. The overall distribution of NDI scores was 'no disability(0~4 score, 62.92 %)', 'mild disability(5~14 score, 32.85 %)', 'moderate disability(15~24 score, 1.19 %)'. As a result of t-test, we found that the average NDI score for female students was significantly higher than the average NDI score for male students(p<0.05). 3. The Kendall's tau test revealed that total time spent daily using smartphones has a strong positive correlation with 'pain intensity', 'lifting', 'reading' 'headache', 'concentration', and 'driving'(p<0.05) in NDI. Also, time duration of one time smartphone usage has a strong positive correlation with 'pain intensity', 'lifting', 'reading', 'headache', 'concentration', 'work', and 'recreation'(p<0.05). 4. The Kendall's tau test revealed that total NDI scores have a significantly strong positive correlation with both of total time spent daily using smartphones(p<0.05) and time duration for one time smartphone usage(p<0.05). This results imply that long-time use of smartphone has a strong relationship with neck pain. Conclusions : The results of the study would be a good starting point for future studies to reduce the risks of chronic neck pain caused by smartphone usage.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.483-488
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the relationships among smartphone use, mental health and physical health by focusing smartphone users' attitudes. For this purpose, 129 college students were asked to complete the questionnaires which contained measures of smartphone use, mental health and physical health. The results of data analysis showed that the positive correlations among smartphone use scores, physical and mental symptoms were significant. The importance of adaptive using smartphone for health was emphasized. Finally, limitations and suggestions of this study were discussed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2023

Background: Smartphone addiction has emerged as a significant social problem. Numerous studies have indicated the association between smartphone use and discomfort in the musculoskeletal system of the upper extremities. Objects: This cross-sectional survey aimed to compare the characteristics of musculoskeletal pain in the neck, trunk, and upper limbs between individuals with smartphone addiction and those without addiction. Methods: We collected a total of 326 healthy individuals' data from China and Korea who had owned and used smartphones for more than 5 years between 20-50s through an online questionnaire consisting of 84 questions in four major sections. The first part contained basic information on the participant's personal characteristics and smartphones. The second part contained questions about smartphone use and posture. The third part was the smartphone addiction. The fourth part was to investigate musculoskeletal pain in various upper body parts. Results: Smartphone addiction has a weak negative correlation with age (r = -0.20, p < 0.01) and a weak positive correlation with the hours of smartphone use (r = 0.376, p < 0.01). Frequent musculoskeletal pain symptoms related to smartphone use were observed in the neck, shoulder, lower back, and wrists. The hours of smartphone use was slightly positively associated with the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the shoulder (r = 0.162, p < 0.05) and lower back (r = 0.125, p < 0.05). The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the neck (χ² = 3.993, p < 0.05), shoulder (χ² = 6.465, p < 0.05), and wrist (χ² = 4.645, p < 0.05) was significantly higher among females than males. Conclusion: The results suggest that smartphone addiction should be recognized as a dual concern encompassing both physical health and psychosocial aspects. Furthermore, healthcare professionals, including physicians and physical therapists, should consider clients' smartphone usage patterns when assessing and treating with musculoskeletal pain.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.466-474
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between smartphone use and consumption of high-caffeine drinks among adolescents. We studied with secondary data from 2022(18th) Korea Youth Risk Behavior (KYRBS). The respondents of this study were 51,850 participants. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 25 ver. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis and complex sample logistic regression analysis. As a research result, participants reporting 3 times over of high-caffeine drink consumption showed 1.65 times higher of smartphone us(OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.220-2.243) and participants reporting 3 times and less of high-caffeine drink consumption showed 1.17 times higher smartphone use than '≤4 hours smartphone use. Our study results will be provided with basis information for the developing an intervention program to reduce smartphone usage time and high-caffeine drink consumption for adolescents high.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.191-203
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the problems experienced by Korean adolescents due to smartphone use and related factors. Methods: The subjects were 57,463 middle school and high school students nationwide as the 13th The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, 2017. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and composite sample multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: This study confirms that negative experiences were related to general characteristics of sex, academic background, socio-economic level, residential area and form, academic performance, and parental education; health behavior characteristics of subjective health cognition, depression, and stress; and characteristics related to smartphone use. Smartphone usage time amd use of services were factors related to the problems experienced from using smartphones. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to plan for the use of smartphones in consideration of physical and emotional health and to educate adolescents to promote social communication between family and friends. It is also necessary to develop and apply a smartphone use management program to maintain a balance between smartphone use, academic performance, and school life.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.83-105
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• 2010

Smartphone services seem to be appealing to people worldwide and show rapid growth in mobile service market. Based on the theoretical framework like attachment theory and self-congruity theory, we developed the research model and proposed six hypotheses. An analysis of 113 smartphone service users found that continued use intention in smartphone services is affected by uses' attachment to the service. We also found that the attachment is significantly increased by self-congruity, customization, and perceived usefulness. Our aim was to gain insight into ways of creating an environment that facilitating continued use intention of smartphone services. This study has important implications for academic researchers and practitioners who seek to understand why smartphone service users continuously use their smart phone services. Other practical implications of these findings and future research implications are also discussed.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.36-46
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• 2015

This study verified theoretical model to explain adolescents' addictive use of smartphone. I used the data of 679 middle and high school students among 2013 internet addiction survey of National Information Society Agency(NIA). This study utilized structural equation modeling analysis to compare a suggestive model and alternative model. According to the final model, higher the satisfaction of family relationship, the addictive use of smartphone and emotional problems of adolescents were reduced. And, higher the addictive use of smartphone, higher the emotional problems of adolescents. Also, family relationship affects emotional problems via addictive use of smartphone. While, in the alternative model, path from amount of smartphone use to addictive use of smartphone was not significant. Results of this study suggest that family relationship variable may play an antecedent factor of addictive use of smartphone and emotional problems of adolescents and control of smartphone use is important to keeping a mental health of adolescents.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.529-536
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between hours of smartphone use and oral disease symptoms in Korean adolescents. Methods: In this study, data from the 2022 Youth Health Behavior Online Survey were used. The final analysis was conducted on students who responded that they have used a smartphone (N=50,375). Chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between oral disease symptoms and smartphone use time (p<0.05). Results: Consequent to examining the effect of smartphone use on oral disease symptoms, it was found that oral symptoms, such as pain during chewing and tingling throbbing, increased as smartphones were used for >4 h (p<0.05). Additionally, oral symptoms, such as gingivalgia bleeding and bad breath, appeared to increase as smartphones were used for >6 h (p<0.05). However, using smartphones for <0-2 h or 2-4 h had no effect on oral disease symptoms. Conclusions: In adolescents, oral disease symptoms increased significantly with increasing hours of smartphone use. Therefore, adolescents should be guided so that they use smartphones for <2 h or >4 h. Moreover, guidance on forming the habit of tooth brushing after eating food should be provided to prevent oral disease symptoms.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with smartphone overdependency in preschool children based on an analysis of mother, child, and their mutual dyadic relationships. Methods: Data were collected from 171 mothers of preschool children enrolled at daycare centers and kindergartens from January to March 2018. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance with $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ post hoc test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS version 24. Results: The self regulation of preschool children (${\beta}=-.358$, p<.001) was the factor most closely associated with smartphone overdependency. The second most closely associated factor was children's use of a smartphone 0.5-1 hour daily (${\beta}=-.249$, p=.005). Additional associated factors were mothers' use of a smartphone for 3-4 hours daily (${\beta}=.217$, p=.002), children's use of a smartphone for less than 0.5 hour daily (${\beta}=-.212$, p=.006), and children's use of a smartphone for 1-2 days per week (${\beta}=-.205$, p=.026). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to try to develop guidelines and programs to prevent smart phone overdependency in preschool children.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.115-121
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• 2012

The main objective of this study was determine why employees conduct non-work related smartphone use at work. To do this, this study developed the research model of non-work related smartphone use behavior consisting of factors such as habit, intention, social effect, task interdependence, and behavior. And it was tested via a survey of employees using smartphones. The results of this study reveal, first, that habit and social influence are significant predictors of non-work related smartphone use behavior. Secondly, task interdependence has a positive moderating effect between intention and behavior in non-work related smartphone use.