• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제25권7호
• /
• pp.721-727
• /
• 2005

이 연구에서는 물질의 입자성에 대한 개념 학습에서 소집단 그림 그리기의 효과를 조사하였다. 경기도에 소재한 남녀공학 중학교 1학년 126명을 2인 1조의 소집단 그림 그리기 집단, 개별 그림 그리기 집단, 통제 집단으로 배치한 후,'물질의 세 가지 상태'와 '분자의 운동' 단원에 대하여 8차시 동안 수업을 실시하였다. 사전 검사로 자아효능감, 학습 동기, 과학 수업에 대한 즐거움 검사를 실시하였고, 사후 검사로 학업 성취도, 개념 이해도, 학습 동기, 과학 수업에 대한 즐거움 검사를 실시하였다. 이원 공변량 분석 결과, 소집단 그림 그리기 집단의 학업 성취도와 개념 이해도 검사 점수가 통제 집단보다 유의미하게 높았다. 그러나 학습 동기와 과학 수업에 대한 즐거움 검사 점수에서는 집단간에 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 모든 종속 변인에 대하여 수업 처치와 자아효능감 수준 사이의 상호작용 효과는 없었다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.177-203
• /
• 2012

중등교육과정에서 수학적 내용사이의 연결과 수학과 다른 학문 사이의 연결의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 미술과 수학이 모두 시 공간적 능력의 활용을 포함하는 학문이라는데 주목하여 그래프와 부품식 영역의 지도에서 활용 가능한 소집단 그림그리기 활동을 실시하였다. 일반계 고등학교 1학년 학생을 대상으로 실시한 소집단 그림그리기 활동과정에서 나타나는 학생들의 수학에 대한 흥미변화를 살펴보고자 하였으며, 학생의 전략적 사고의 촉진가능성을 살펴보고 그 구체적인 특정을 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구 결과, 그래프를 활용한 소집단 그림그리기 활동은 학생들의 수학에 대한 흥미변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤을 뿐만 아니라 활동과정에서 다양한 전략적 사고가 나타남으로써 이러한 활동이 고등사고활동인 전략적 사고를 촉진시키는데 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.28-36
• /
• 2007

이 연구에서는 소집단 토론이 화학 개념 학습에서 제공되는 외적 표상들 간의 연계와 통합을 촉진하는 방안으로서의 그리기와 쓰기에 미치는 영향을 학생들의 시각적 학습 양식에 따라 조사하였다. 남녀공학 중학교 1학년 학생 449명을 개별 그리기 집단, 2인 1조의 소집단 그리기 집단, 개별 쓰기 집단, 2인 1조의 소집단 쓰기 집단에 배치한 후, '보일의 법칙', '샤를의 법칙'에 대하여 2차시 동안 수업을 실시하였다. 개념 이해도 검사 결과, 시각적 학습 양식과 관계없이 개별 그리기 집단보다 소집단 그리기 집단의 점수가 통계적으로 유의미한 차이로 높았다. 쓰기 집단에서는 시각적 학습 선호 학생들의 경우 소집단 쓰기 집단의 점수가 개별 쓰기 집단의 점수보다 통계적으로 유의미한 차이로 높았으나, 시각적 학습 비선호 학생들의 집단 간 점수 차이는 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 소집단 그리기 집단의 점수가 소집단 쓰기 집단의 점수보다 통계적으로 높은 경향성을 보였다. 많은 학생들이 소집단 그리기와 소집단 쓰기에 대해 인지적, 동기적 측면에서 긍정적으로 인식하였다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.655-673
• /
• 2014

We investigated perceptions and image analysis on scientists studying small organisms reflected in elementary student's drawing using a modified version of the Drawing-A-Scientist-Test. The participants were 530 of fifth and sixth graders consisted of 449 ordinary students and 81 science gifted students. The data were collected from associated words, images and explanatory notes depicted by students engaged in questionnaires. The results indicated that a larger number of students reminded small sized animals and/or plants as words associated with small organisms. In addition, some students depicted anthropomorphic or abstract microorganisms. In this study, more stereotypes of scientists' appearance were exhibited at sixth graders and city region group. Most of the students depicted indicators such as lab coat, glasses, scientific instruments for observing, indoor, male and young, whereas only a few students depicted collaborative work. There was statistically significant difference between girls and boys, because boys perceived male scientists only, while half of girls depicted female. More frequent research instruments and scientific captions were used when science gifted students depicted scientists studying small organisms. These results could be contributed to education on microorganisms in elementary science.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.12-26
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of reasoning in which $3^{rd}$ grade elementary school students form ideas, design experiments, and interpret the results to solve problems in small group argumentation. For this purpose, 12 3rd-grade students' small group argumentations including experiments were observed. The researchers analyzed students' pre- and post-open questionnaires, field notes, and video recordings of small group argumentation. The results of the research are as follows. First, in the initial opinion formation process, a hasty unification of opinions and a transformation of inquiry problem occurred. In the design and execution of experiments, verification experiments and unplanned and arbitrary experiments were performed. They also selectively noticed or accepted claims, evidence, interpretation, and criticism. They could distinguish between the condition and the cause, but they were confused by using inaccurate terms and tended to keep the initial opinions when interpreting the results and drawing conclusions.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.499-507
• /
• 2002

본 연구에서는 과학 수업에서 소집단 활동에 대한 인식을 조사하고, 소집단 활동에 대한 학생들의 가치 및 태도와 성, 사전 성취 수준, 인성 사이의 관계를 탐색하였다. 과학 시간의 소집단 활동 빈도가 높은 4개 학교에서 226명의 학생들을 연구 대상으로 선정 하였다. 과학 시간에 소집단 구성은 주로 교사에 의해 성적이나 번호, 추첨 등의 방법으로 이루어진다. 학생들은 조편성에 불만을 가진 경우가 많으며, 교우 관계에 의한 조편성을 선호하거나 하나의 소집안에 성적이 고르게 분포되기를 희망하였다. 학생들은 성별이나 성취 수준에 관계없이 소집단 활동에 대해 대체로 긍정적인 인식을 하고 있었으며, 유화성과 외향성이 높을수록 소집단 활동에 대한 가치나 태도가 높았다. 5가지 인성 변인 중 소집단 활동에 대한 가치나 태도를 모두 유의미하게서 설명하는 변인은 유화성으로 나타났다.

• Educational Technology International
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.253-271
• /
• 2016

This study investigated the effect of generative concept maps according to learning achievements and cognitive load. A total of 78 students in the first grade of middle school participated in this study. Before the experimental treatment was implemented, students had to fill out a questionnaire assessing prior knowledge. The study was designed where all the students were presented the same learning contents regarding photosynthesis; however, the two experimental groups were provided with different concept map methods: a learner-generative concept map (GCM) and an instructor-provided concept map (PCM). GCM students were asked to make a concept map by themselves in small groups while they are reading material. PCM students were instructed to study in small groups in order to read the material; however, they were provided a concept map developed by their teacher. The control group (CG) had the teacher present the learning contents in traditional lecture format with no accompanying concept map. The results show that there were significant differences in the achievements among the groups. CG showed higher achievement than both the experimental groups. There was also a significant difference in cognitive load. Although the GCM group did not obtain higher achievement than the other groups, the GCM group showed higher mental effort and lower physical fatigue than the other groups. The GCM group might have invested more effort to find and connect ideas when drawing their concept map with peers which is unlike the conditions for the PCM group and CG. In conclusion, we should consider applying GCM in teaching and learning design in order to increase learning achievement and decrease extraneous cognitive load.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제12권6호
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 2012

Small park in the community is a public asset that is commonly used by the residents daily and performs an important role to activate the community. The purpose of this study is to draw a small park plan through community participation. In concrete, this study tries to find out the demand of the residents about their small park plan, observe the changes in their demand in the process of debate and analyze the effect of the residents' participation. Small group workshop method was adopted in the study and three groups were set up and surveys were made in two stages. Two dimensional pictogram cards and three dimensional digital park formation tools were used. The results of workshop study indicated as follows: Firstly, residents wanted to have community farming garden, green house and flower garden to grow plants, natural walls and safe resting facilities. Secondly, individual and diverse opinions presented at first could be converted to common opinions through mutual exchanges of opinions in the process of debates. Thirdly, digital park formation program functioned well as an effective visual tool to draw the attention and quick responses of the residents and to reach an agreement. It is expected that the results of this study show the effectiveness of residents' participation tools in the process of drawing agreements in the community society that requires the residents' demands and agreement and this study will be usefully utilized in planning community spaces with residents' participation hereafter.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.45-60
• /
• 2012

This project examined 2, 3, and 4-year-old children (N = 34) in a university campus child care setting to assess their understanding of the graphic features they use in their emergent writing (to distinguish it from a drawing of the same referent). The graphic features present in samples of the children's work were examined and compared to the graphic features children could identify through verbal and nonverbal communication. We examined the frequencies of graphic feature identification, as well as significant differences between graphic feature usage and graphic feature identification. The most frequently used graphic features were linearity, unidirectionality, and small size of units. The most frequently identified graphic feature was conventional letter. Overall, children used significantly more graphic features than they were able to identify. Significant relationships comparing the 2-year-old group and 4-year-old group's usage and identification were also found. The findings are discussed in terms of their application to early childhood classrooms. Teachers can apply these findings when engaging children in conversations about their emergent writing; these discussions are explored as a beneficial teaching tool.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.73-94
• /
• 1996

This study was aimed for evaluating the validity of relative-productivity index on the basis of working hour(RPHW index) designed by author as new productivity index and drawing up a plan of bettering productivity to cope with financial difficulty of dental laboratories. Fortyeight dental laboratories extracted by cluster-sampling method form all the dental laboratories in Seoul were subjected for this study. And in each of them, the term of establishment which was divied into three group as short-term, mid-term and long-term group, the scale of dental laboratory which as divided into two group by number of dental technician as small-scale group and large-scale group, the salary system which was composed of salary criteria, pay according to ablility criteria and collectiveagree, the salary level, simple labor productivity index(SLP index), relative-productivity index on the basis of worker number(ROWN) and relative-productivity index on the basis of working hour(RPWH index) were surveyed through the self-administractive questionaires. The results as follows : Most of dental laboratories(93.6%) were managed by non-professional managers. The establishment rate per year of dental laboratory was the increase. The mean number of employees of dental laboratories was $7.00{\pm}3.90$ person. The ratio of smallscale group(under the 5 employees) was 42.6% and as the term of establishment was shorter, the ratio of small-scale group was higher. The mean establishment area of dental laboratories was $24.49{\pm}10.97$ unit and the mean establishment area per head of dental laboratories was $4.05{\pm}3.90$ unit. The estabilshment area and area per head were not significantly associted with the term of establishment, but as the term of establishment was shorter, the estabkishment area per head was slightly wider. The establishment area per head in small-scale group was significantly wider than large-scale group(over the 6 emplayees) The salary criteria(54.4%), pay according to ability(79.2)m ability criteria(77.1%) and collectiveagree(79.2%) as salary systems were used in the most of all dnetal laboratoies. The all salary systems were not significantly associated with the term of establishment and the scale of dental laboratories. The monthly mean salary level of dental laboratoies was $125.64{\pm}31.06$ milion won. The monthly salary level was not significantly associated with the term of establishment and the scale of dental laboratores. But the monthly salary level in the short-term group and the small-scale group were slightly lower than others. The SLP index, the RPWN index and the RPWH index of dental laboratories were $132.16{\pm}48.41$, $382.41{\pm}128.76$ and $76.06{\pm}25.11$, respectively. The SLP, the RPWN and the RPWH of dental laboratories were not significantly associated with the term SLP, the RPWN and the RPWH of dental laboratories were significantly associated with the area of dental laboratory and the salary level. Except for only the association salary criteria among salary system with RPWH of dental laboratories, all other salary system were not associated with the SLP, the RPWN and the RPWH of dental laboratories.