• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 1998

The effects of inflorescence herbivory and flowering time on plant architecture and reproductive yields were examined with a perennial herbacious species, Vicia cracca, occurring in Natick, Massachusetts, USA. Natural herbivory on inflorescences was observed among the total of 157 plants during a growing season. Vegetative and reproductive characters were measured in the field as well as in the lab depending on the characters. Approximately 64% of the plants were subjected to herbivory on inflorescences. Plants were classified into three groups; unbrowsed plants, partially browsed, and totally browsed plants, according to the level of herbivory on inflorescences of each plant. Plants were also categorized by their flowering time such as early vs late flowering plants. Herbivores tended to favor inflorescences on rather small plants, resulting in a pattern of totally contact or partially intact inflorescences on taller plants. The mean number of stems, which was assumed to be a direct result of severe herbivory in this population, differed among herbivory groups. There also was a tendency that plants flowering late in the season had more nodes with more leaves, suggesting that herbivory on stem tips early in the season before flowering might have induced growth of side branches or branchlets along the main stems. Comparison between unbrowsed and partially browsed plants showed that the latter compensated for browsing in terms of numbers of inflorescences, fruits, seeds and seed size (weight), though they did not compensate in flower number. The probability of fruit production (presence vs absence of fruits) and seed weight declined toward the end of the season. These results suggest that resources are deficient at the end of the season. Almost complete reproductive failure in totally browsed plants is attributed to the destruction of inflorescence display and the disadvantage of small vegetative size of those plants. After all, in this population, a moderate level of herbivory on inflorescences did not reduce the maternal fitness of the plants. However, severe herbivory on inflorescences resulted in antagonistic interactions between plants and herbivores.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.137-156
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the general status of wearing clothes and clothing purchase of middle-aged women in the 40's to 50's, the patterns and colors of clothes they prefer, clothing preference related with fitting or such, and also complaints. And this paper also divides the middle-aged women into those in the 40's and 50's to analyze how they differ in terms of the apparel brands and fitting they prefer and also the status of wearing clothes. For the research, a survey was performed to 350 women, and the survey data went through x2 and t-test analysis by using SPSS 20.0 to examine significant difference. The results of this study are as follows: the women in the 40's included as the subjects showed a high frequency of clothing purchase from casual brands or SPA brands and regarded design to be important at the clothing purchase. Meanwhile, the women in the 50's indicated a higher frequency of clothing purchase of middle-aged women's apparel brands, outdoor brands, madam clothes, or designer brands and thought activity to be crucial at the clothing purchase. As the women in the 40's and 50's showed difference in the brands they preferred, particularly the fitting indicated difference in terms of dissatisfaction. While those in the 40's preferring and buying young casual showed particularly more fitting problems in the arm-hole girth, upper arm circumference, bust size, and thigh or hip area, those in the 50's indicated fitting problems in the hip circumference or waist measurement. It is expected that this study will be used as foundational data to set up the target age by related apparel companies or develop clothes with great size fitting and design satisfaction.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop an appropriate jacket pattern for obese women in 20s and 30s, providing a good fit and appearance. The results were as follows: among 3 kinds of patterns collected in order to develop a jacket pattern to fit the average body of an obese woman in 20s and 30s, a business-type pattern(which was comparatively evaluated as a good fit) was worn and revised so as to design a final research pattern with proper fitness and a good shape. The biggest problem of the existing pattern was may overall spares, especially many spares of bust size, waist measurement, hip circumference, all of which makes a bad appearance. Considering the results of a survey which indicates that young obese women like tight-fitting clothes, bust size was decreased from 8 cm to 6 cm, and their waist measurements were bigger compared to other age groups, so a total of 1.1 cm(with 0.3 cm in the front, back side, and 0.5 cm in the back waist) was decreased. The hip circumference was decreased by 2 cm from H/2+4 to H/2+2 cm, the quantity of front deflection was established as 1.5 cm in order to compensate for the coming off of the front side caused by the fat on the stomach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.47
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• pp.61-72
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• 1999

For the establishment of ready made Hanbok for the people in their 20's this study aims to develope Bagi-chogori pattern that revives the esthetic quality of the traditional Hanbok as well as comfortably fit the body. Direct method was used in Measuring the 33 parts of men which was selected as items needed for the analysis of the body and the development of patterns. In accordance with the body measurement and the analysis of the result the bust girth and height which has interrelation was chosen as the standard size for the development of pattern. Men's Baji-chogori(Korean traditional Jacket and Pants) which doesn't request fitness for instance we drew out a cross table by giving 5cm intervals each for breast waist hip girth and height. Size system of Baji-chogori was 4 steps. 1st was bust 95cm height 165cm 2nd was bust girth 95cm height 170cm 3rd was bust girth 100cm height 175cm and the 4th was bust girth 105cm height 180cm. In the case of Men the grouping of bodies was attempted by concentrating on the difference of the drop amount(Bust girth to hip girth), However 90% of men in their 20's showed a silhouette of an inverted triangle. Therefore attempt for an additional grouping wasn's Only calculation concerning the ease amount of items such as bust which and length was considered to enhance the silhouette of Hanbok when worn. Men's body for instance have a tendency to change to a rectangular shape as they get older. specially the abdominal girth trend to increase greatly. So study and development of pattern should be made for all age groups.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.755-779
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• 1996

This study was designed to development of stock tray for Korean. The subjects for this study were 374 persons(male : 204, female : 170) with age $19{\sim}28$. The study models were made with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material and conventional stock tray, Individual trays were made on the study model and the master models were made after impression with polysulfide rubber impression material. Each of the master models measured 12 measuring points on the maxillary model and 13 measuring points on the mandibular model with digital sliding caliper. The values were analyzed statistically by SAS analysis. The measuring points were analysed and were consulted for the development of new stock tray for Korean. Maxillary models were divided into four groups acceding to the width between buccal alveolar ridges below the contact point of first molar and second molar. The size of new tray of the upper first group was 82mm (width), 60mm(length). That of the upper second group was 77mm (width), 59mm (length). That of the upper third group was 72mm (width), 58mm (length). And that of the upper fourth group was 67mm (width), 57mm (length). Mandibular models were devided into three group according to the width between lingual alveolar ridges below the second molar. The size of new tray on lower first group was 40mm (width), 55mm (length). That of the lower second group was 36mm (width), 55mm (length). And that of the third group was 32mm (width), 55mm (length). The author tested the fitness of newly designed stock tray in 52 subjects with normal occlusion and obtained good results that the problems of conventional stock tray were worked out.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-216
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• 1998

This study is aimed at exploring a reasonable and reliable method of measuring pre-school children's somatotypes and there by, data basing the information obtained and classifying their somatotypes, at providing useful data which can be utilized for the design of their dress forms and enhancing the fitness of their apparels. to this end, 330 pre-school children living in the capital area and aged fro m4 to 6 were sampled to be subject to the measurement of their somatotypes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. As the pre-school children grow, the scales indicating their vertical growth including height could well be measured differently, but those scales indicating their lateral somatotypes which reflect their postural changes did not show among age groups. in other words, male kids were higher in the scales including height than female kids, while there were not differences between sexes in most scales indicating their lateral somatotypes. 2. The elements comprising the somatotypes were the size of body skeleton, the thickness of body mass, the posture and shape of body mass, the lateral under-neck shape, the extrusion of belly, the length between front and the back shoulder, the shape of lower belly, the shape of upper hip, the shape of lower hip and the slope of shoulders. Among them, the first two elements accounted for 64.8% of the total distribution, which means that these two elements explain the body-mass somatotypes of kid's most effectively. 3. The sample kids were divided into two types for classification of their somatotypes. As a result, it was found that the elements determining their somatotypes most influentially are, unlike adults' case the size of body skeleton rather than posture or lateral body shape. The type I showed less dimensions in most scales than type II, while their shoulder were les developed,. The type I was found distributed much in 4-year-old female kids. The type II showing more development in each element was found distributed much in 6-year-old male kids.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.40-51
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• 2014

This study aims to investigate urban inundation considering building footprints based on dual-drainage scheme. For this purpose, LiDAR data is cultivated to generate two original data set in terms of DEM with $1{\times}1$ meter and building layer of the study drainage area in Seoul and then the building layer is overlapped as vector polygon with the mesh data with the same size as DEM. Then, terrain data for modeling were re-sampled to reduce resolution as $10{\times}10$ meters. As results, the simulated depth without considering building footprints has a tendency to underestimate the inundation depth compared to observed data analized by CCTV imagery. Otherwise, the simulation result considering building footprints revealed definitely higher fitness. The difference of inundation depth came from the variation of inundation volume which was relevant to inundation extent. If the building footprints are enlarged, the possible inundation depth is increased, which results in being inundation depth higher because hydrological conditions such as rainfall depth are conservational. Otherwise, according to comparison of inundation extents, there were no significant difference but the case of considering building footprint was revealed slightly higher fitness. Thus, it is concluded that the considering building footprint for inundation analysis of urban watershed should be required to improve simulation accuracy synthetically.

• Journal of Convergence Society for SMB
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

With a sample of 147 Korean small and medium size companies, this study examined the relationships among degree of information orientation, corporate culture, degree of information management implementation and selected business performances in the process of implementing IMS(Information Management System). Information orientation is defined as company-wide understanding and implementation of the underlying philosophy, principles, approached, and tools of information improvement programs. It is assumed that successful implementation of information improvement programs requires a information-oriented mind-set of the employees. It is also assumed that successful implementation of information improvement programs require strong support from s corporate culture that emphasizes continues improvement. Adopting the competing values model of Quinn and McGrath(1985), corporate culture is classified into 'flexible' versus 'controlled culture' and 'outer-directed' versus 'inner-directed culture'. This study examined how such fitness influenced the implementation of information innovation programs and business performance. Implementation of information innovation programs was measured through various factors, such as leadership, strategic information planning, human resources focus, customer and market focus, process management, and information analysis and application. Business performance was measured through non-financial performance measuresm such as employee results, process results, information results, and customer results, and through perceived financial performance measures.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2019

Environmental changes can affect life-history traits, such as growth rate and reproduction, and organisms adapt on a given environmental condition to maximize ecological fitness. This study shows the effects of water temperature and dissolved oxygen level on early growth and accumulated damage in fish using a dynamic-state-dependent model. I have hypothesized that the level of foraging activity is related to growth and stress and so the optimal level can maximize reproductive success - ultimately, fitness. The critical temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) is also defined as inducing the maximum growth rate at the level. So, the model predicts the highest growth rate at oxygen saturation and lower growth rate at lower or higher level of DO in water. Lower DO (i.e., hypoxia) causes slower growth rate through higher amount of accumulated stress whereas higher DO (i.e., hyperoxia) induces faster growth rate, but smaller body size. In addition, I show that there is lower impact when considering simple or independent environmental factors on environmental assessment. My findings suggest that multiple environmental factors as physiological ecology approach should be considered to improve impact assessment in environmental changes and a further study is needed to develop advanced assessment tools considering multiple environmental factors.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to closely investigate the constructive relationship between leisure satisfaction, leisure ability, exercise satisfaction, and consistent motor behavior patterns of the elderly's participation in leisure life sports. In order to achieve this, we surveyed and utilized the sampling of conveniences that selected Yongin and Seongnam city in Gyeonggi-do sports clubs, and accumulated samples of the elderly in living sports. The sample size was 239 elderly people. Based on this, according to the purpose of the study, statistical techniques, spss 23.0, and amos programs were used for analysis. The satisfaction analysis used in the research for a data analysis includes frequency analysis, exploatory factor analysis, confirmatory facor analysis, reliability analysis, correnlation analysis and structure equation model analysis. The research has drawn the following conclusions, based on the above mentioned research method and its procedures: First, it affects the satisfaction of the leisure satisfaction movement. Second, leisure ability affects exercise satisfaction. Third, exercise satisfaction affects the consistent exercise persistence and immersion satisfaction of exercise. As a result, it can be seen that the leisure immersion according to the experience of leisure competence has an effect on the satisfaction of the exercise. As a result, and the continuation of the exercise.