• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.790-798
• /
• 2020

Background: Beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear. Methods: We examined whether pretreatment (daily from 2 hours before PCOS induction) with KRG extract in water (KRGE; 75 and 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.) could exert a favorable effect in a dehydroepian-drosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat model. Results: Pretreatment with KRGE significantly inhibited the elevation of body and ovary weights, the increase in number and size of ovarian cysts, and the elevation of serum testosterone and estradiol levels induced by DHEA. Pretreatment with KRGE also inhibited macrophage infiltration and enhanced mRNA expression levels of chemokines [interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ovaries induced by DHEA. It also prevented the reduction in mRNA expression of growth factors (epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta (EGF, TGF-β)) related to inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell pathway and stimulation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 pathway. Interestingly, KRGE or representative ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3(s)) inhibited the activity of inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS, cytosolic p-IκB, and nuclear p-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, whereas they increased nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation. Conclusion: These results provide that KRGE could prevent DHEA-induced PCOS via antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. Thus, KRGE may be used in preventive and therapeutic strategies for PCOS-like symptoms.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.117-144
• /
• 2010

This paper planned to review positively the influence of leading variables - Functional benefits, Emotional benefits, Self-expressive benefits over Consumer-brand relationship, and the structural relationship between Consumer-brand relationship and Brand attachment, Word-of-mouse. For it, we verified our hypothesis utilizing Hierarchial chi-square analysis that was available to statistically verify the size between 2 paths out of Structural models As the result of research, Emotional benefits was more influential than Functional benefits in the formation of Consumer-brand relationship. Additionally, the influential difference between Emotional benefits and Self-expressive benefits was not found in the formation of Consumer-brand relationship. In other words, both Emotional benefits and Functional benefits were proved to have a positive influence on forming Consumer-brand relationship. On the other hand, Self expressive benefits played a more influential role than Functional benefit in the formation of Consumer-brand relationship. The fact was also proved that the higher the formation level of Consumer -brand relationship was, the greater positive influence over Brand attachment and Word-of-mouse Through the above results, it is more desirable to establish brand strategy for forming Consumer-brand relationship through Emotional benefits and Self expressive benefits rather than Functional benefits. Additionally, the Consumer-brand relationship formed by Value benefit is expected not only to get the level of attachment, showing like love, toward the brand deeper, but also to achieve the effect of positive, long term communication through voluntary Word-of-mouse.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.18 no.5 s.95
• /
• pp.611-620
• /
• 2006

In the shear failure mechanism of a beam, beam and arch actions always exist simultaneously. According to the shear span to depth ratio, the proportion between these two actions is varied and the contribution of these actions to shear capacity is changed. Moreover, the current codes provide recommendations based on experimental results of normal strength concrete, so the application range of concrete strength must be extended. Based on this mechanism and new requirement, a simplified analytical equation for shear capacity prediction of reinforced high strength concrete beams without stirrups is proposed. To reflect the change in the contribution between these actions, stress variation in the longitudinal reinforcement along the span is considered by use of the Jenq and Shah Model. Dowel action with horizontal splitting failure and shear friction between cracks are also taken into account. ize effect is included to derive a more precise equation. Regression analysis is performed to determine each variable and simplify the equation. And, the formula derived from theoretical approaches is evaluated by comparison with numerous experimental data, which are in broad range of concrete strength(especially in high strength concrete), shear span to depth ratio, geometrical size and longitudinal steel ratio. It is shown that the proposed equation is more accurate and simpler than other empirical equations, so a wide range of a/d can be considered in one equation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.41 no.10
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2004

User-Perceived application-level performance is a key to the adoption and success of CDMA 2000. To predict this performance in advance, a detailed end-to-end simulation model of a CDMA network was built to include application traffic characteristics, network architecture, network element details, and protocol features. We assess the user application performance when a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a Core Network (CN) adopt different transport architectures such as ATM and If. For voice Performance, we found that the vocoder bypass scenario shows 8% performance improvement over the others. For data packet performance, we found that HTTP v.1.1 shows better performance than that of HTTP v.1.0 due to the pipelining and TCP persistent connection. We also found that If transport technology is better solution for higher FER environment since the IP packet overhead is smaller than that of ATM for web browsing data traffic, while it shows opposite effect to small size voice packet in RAN architecture. Though simulation results we showed that the 3G-lX EV system gives much better packet delay performance than 3G-lX RTT, the main conclusion is that end-to-end application-level performance is affected by various elements and layers of the network and thus it must be considered in all phases of the technology evolution process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.149-162
• /
• 2005

This paper suggest a way to detect a specific wanted figure in public places such as subway stations and banks by comparing color face images extracted from the real time CCTV with the face images of designated specific figures. Assuming that the characteristic of the surveillance camera allows the face information in screens to change arbitrarily and to contain information on numerous faces, the accurate detection of the face area was focused. To solve this problem, the normalization work using subsampling with $20{\times}20$ pixels on arbitrary face images, which is based on the Perceptron Neural Network model suggested by R. Rosenblatt, created the effect of recogning the whole face. The optimal linear filter and the histogram shaper technique were employed to minimize the outside interference such as lightings and light. The addition operation of the egg-shaped masks was added to the pre-treatment process to minimize unnecessary work. The images finished with the pre-treatment process were divided into three reception fields and the information on the specific location of eyes, nose, and mouths was determined through the neural network. Furthermore, the precision of results was improved by constructing the three single-set network system with different initial values in a row.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.31 no.3A
• /
• pp.215-225
• /
• 2011

In general, the precast columns can obtain its homogeneous quality as they are produced in a factory with a hollow concrete block type by using high strength concrete, so that they can generate the reduction of dead load. Such a method of precast hollow concrete columns is already implemented in USA and Japan and used for connecting between blocks which use PC tendons. However, it is inevitable to have uneconomical construction with excessive cost in early stage when PC tendons are used. This study aims to develop an economical precast column with high quality and constructability which consists of only splice sleeve and general reinforcing bar without using PC tendons in order to reduce the construction period and cost. To achieve this goal, this study tested the performance of total 5 minimized models in the experiment with the variables such as hollowness, diameter of main reinforcement bar and cross-sectional size for the cross section of precast column by using grouting type splice sleeve which is a new type joint rebar. And it also verified the performance of column in the experiment for a large-sized model in order to overview its applicability by excluding large scale effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
• /
• 2009.04a
• /
• pp.108-108
• /
• 2009

The main object of this research is to minimize the shock effects which frequently result in fatal damage in wind met mast on impact of barge. The collision between wind met mast and barge is generally a complex problem and it is often not practical to perform rigorous finite element analyses to include all effects and sequences during the collision. LS-dyna generally purpose explicit finite element code, which is a product of ANSYS software, is used to model and analyze the non-linear response of the met mast due to barge collision. A significant part of the collision energy is dissipated as strain energy and except for global deformation modes, the contribution from elastic straining can normally be neglected. On applying impact force of a barge to wind met mast, the maximum acceleration, internal energy and plastic strain were calculated for each load cases using the finite element method and then compare it, varying to the velocity of barge, with one varying to the thickness of rubber fender conditions. Hence, we restrict the present research mainly to the wind met mast and also parametric study has been carried out with various velocities of barge, thickness of wind met mast, thickness and Mooney-Rivlin coefficient of rubber fender with experimental data. The equation of motion of the wind met mast is derived under the assumption that it was ignored vertical movement effect of barge on sea water. Such an analyzing method which was developed so far, make it possible to determine the proper size and material properties of rubber fender and the optimal moving conditions of barge, and finally, application method can be suggested in designing process of rubber fender considering barge impact.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.705-713
• /
• 2017

A novel material, $Bi_2WO_6-GO-TiO_2$ composite, was successfully synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. During the hydrothermal reaction, the loading of $Bi_2WO_6$ and $TiO_2$ nanoparticles onto graphene sheets was achieved. The obtained $Bi_2WO_{6-GO-TiO2}$ composite photo-catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis-DRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The $Bi_2WO_6$ nanoparticle showed an irregular dark-square block nanoplate shape, while $TiO_2$ nanoparticles covered the surface of the graphene sheets with a quantum dot size. The degradation of rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue trihydrate (MB), and reactive black B (RBB) dyes in an aqueous solution with different initial amount of catalysts was observed by UV spectrophotometry after measuring the decrease in the concentration. As a result, the $Bi_2WO_6-GO-TiO_2$ composite showed good decolorization activity with MB solution under visible light. The $Bi_2WO_6-GO-TiO_2$ composite is expected to become a new potential material for decolorization activity. Photocatalytic reactions with different photocatalysts were explained by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and a band theory.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.14
• /
• pp.5889-5897
• /
• 2015

Background: The performance of combined testing visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and cervical cytology tests might differ from one setting to another. The average estimate of the testing accuracy across studies is informative, but no meta-analysis has been carried out to assess this combined method. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the average sensitivity and specificity of the combined VIA and cervical cytology tests for the detection of cervical precancerous lesions. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis, according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. We considered two cases. In the either-positive result case, a positive result implies positivity in at least one of the tests. A negative result implies negativity in both tests. In the both-positive case, a positive result implies having both tests positive. Eligible studies were identified using Pubmed, Embase, Website of Science, CINHAL and COCRANE databases. True positive, false positive, false negative and true negative values were extracted. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative likelihood (LR) and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) were pooled using a hierarchical random effect model. Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) were generated and heterogeneity was verified through covariates potentially influencing the diagnostic odds ratio. Findings: Nine studies fulfilled inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Pooled estimates of the sensitivities of the combined tests in either-positive and both-positive cases were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.90) and 0.38 (95% CI: 0.29-0.48), respectively. Corresponding specificities were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.89) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99) respectively. The DORs of the combined tests in either-positive or both-positive result cases were 27.7 (95% CI: 12.5-61.5) and 52 (95% CI: 22.1-122.2), respectively. When including only articles without partial verification bias and also a high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as a threshold of the disease, DOR of combined test in both-positive result cases remained the highest. However, DORs decreased to 12.1 (95% CI: 6.05-24.1) and 13.8 (95% CI: 7.92-23.9) in studies without partial verification bias for the combined tests in the either-positive and both-positive result cases, respectively. The screener, the place of study and the size of the population significantly influenced the DOR of combined tests in the both-positive result case in restriction analyses that considered only articles with CIN2+ as disease threshold. Conclusions: The combined test in the either-positive result case has a high sensitivity, but a low specificity. These results suggest that the combined test should be considered in developing countries as a primary screening test if facilities exist to confirm, through colposcopy and biopsy, a positive result.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.851-856
• /
• 2012

Objective: NBS1 plays a key role in the repair of DNA double-strand break (DSB). We conducted this study to investigate the effect of two critical polymorphisms (rs1805794 and rs13312840) in NBS1 on treatment response and prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods: Using TaqMan methods, we genotyped the two polymorphisms in 147 NSCLC patients. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidential intervals (CIs) were calculated as a measure of difference in the response rate of platinum-based chemotherapy using logistic regression analysis. The Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to assess the differences in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazards model was applied to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) for PFS and OS. Results: Neither of the two polymorphisms was significantly associated with treatment response of platinum-based chemotherapy. However, patients carrying the rs1805794 CC variant genotype had a significantly improved PFS compared to those with GG genotype (16.0 vs. 8.0 months, P = 0.040). Multivariable cox regression analysis further showed that rs1805974 was a significantly favorable prognostic factor for PFS [CC/CG vs. GG: Adjusted HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39-0.99; CC vs. CG/GG: Adjusted HR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32-0.97). Similarly, rs13312840 with a small sample size also showed a significant association with PFS (CC vs. CT/TT: Adjusted HR = 25.62, 95% CI: 1.53-428.39). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that NBS1 polymorphisms may be genetic biomarkers for NSCLC prognosis especially PFS with platinum-based chemotherapy in the Chinese population.