• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 1993

After spraying simulated sulphuric acid rain (SSAR) to the leaves of Glycine max, Quercus aliena var. pellucida and Pinus rigida, the leachates were consecutively collected and quantitatively determined for the concentration of K and Ca. The amount of the leached ion decreased with subsequent acid treatment for all plants. But as the pH of SSAR decreased, the amount of the leached ion increased. The cumulative quantities of K leached from each species were 1.04 to 1.46 times higher at pH 4.0, 1.09 to 1.58 times higher at pH 3.5 and 1.24 to 2.03 times higher at pH 3.0 compared with pH 5. 6 treatments. The cumulative quantities of Ca leached from each species were 1.23 to 1.47 times higher at pH 4.0, 1.50 to 1.92 times higher at pH 3.5, and 2.45 to 3.30 times higher at pH 3.0 compared with pH 5.6 treatments. The Ca /K ratio in 1000 ml leachate was 1.10 to 2.91 for Q. aliena var. pellucida and 1.68 to 2.98 for P. rigida, but 0.66 to 0.91 for G, max. The Ca /K ratio in 1000 rnl leachate increased for all three species, as the pH of SSAR decreased. Foliage analysis after acid rain treatment showed leaching effect at pH 3.0.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 1995

Alternaria spp.were predominantly isolated from the abnormal leaf spot lesions of pear cultivars Niitaka and Nijiiseiki. Alternaria isolates from the cultivar Niitaka were not pathogenic to both cultivars, but the isolates from the cultivar Nijiiseiki developed typical lesions of black leaf spots and were identified as A. kikuchiana. However, no typical abnormal leaf spot lesions were produced by the Alternaria isolates. Foliar spray of twelve different agrochemicals including lime sulfur, either alone or in combinations, with 7 times applications from April to July failed to reduced the disease development. Application of 17 different pesticides including fungicides, insecticides and herbicides currently used in pear orchards did not cause leaf injury similar to the abnormal leaf spot. Simulated acid rain of as low as pH 3.0 did not incite any leaf lesions alike the abnormal spot lesions. Mineral contents in the leaves of both cultivars did not differ significantly between the healthy leaves and those with abnormal leaf spots. When cuttings of pear tree were obtained in February from newly emerged twigs of the healthy or the diseased trees of Niitaka and planted in sand in the greenhouse, only those from the diseased trees developed typical leaf lesions of the abnormal spot. These results indicate that abnormal leaf spots are caused by unknown systemic agents in pear trees, rather than by Alternaria spp., chemical injury or acid rain.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 1998

To investigate the effects of simulated acid rain(SAR) on the downward movement of mineral nutrients, SARs of different pH were applied to the soil. SAR of pH 2.0 decreased the soil pH greatly, while SAR of pH 4.0 and 6.0 did not change the soil pH to compare to that of SAR of pH 2.0. Decrease in soil pH was in the order of sandy loam > loam > clay loam. The amoumt of leached exchangeable and soluble bases from the soil due to the penetration of SAR was in the order of Ca >Mg > K. After application of 1200mm SAR of pH 2.0 in to the soil downward mean movements of the exchangeable and soluble bases was in the order of Mg > Ca > K in sandy loam and loam soil and Ca > Mg > K in clay loam soil. Downward movements of the those bases under pH 4.0 into the soil was in the order of Mg > K > Ca in sandy loam and clay loam, and K > Mg > Ca in loam soil. Available phosphorus moved slightly downward with increasing acidity of the SAR.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.218-222
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• 2000

Wasted${\cdot}$rested mine areas give lots of effect on around-environmental changes after mining development. Leaching water at reclaimed land has been eluted from the solid components through physical, chemical, biological procedures by waters percolated through reclaimed site. The element analysis of waste tungsten ore tailing, leaching water analysis and removal of heavy metal by zeolite were performed to investigate the influent of acid rain on the released contents of H. M. The heavy metal contents in leaching water were determined to be As $1.21\;{\sim}\;1.54\;ppm$, Pb $0.11\;{\sim}\;0.15\;ppm$ and $SO_4\;^{2-}$ was $302\;{\sim}\;378ppm$. As deionized water and simulated acid rain (pH 3,4) were percolated through columns packed tungsten ore tailing, the amount of Mn, Na, Ca which were dissolved by pH4 solution was higher than those by distilled water. However, W and Mo were eluted easily by high pH solution. The change of heavy metal concentration by column experiment packed zeolite was effective a little because heavy metals were adsorved much more by zeolite.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.735-742
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to elucidate the tolerance of woody plants to simulated acid rain in relation to mycorrhizal inoculation. Germinating seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in 1I pots with autoclaved soil mixture of vermiculite, sand and nursery soil at 1:1:1 ratio. Each pot was inoculated with both crushed root nodules from a wild tree of the same species and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum of Glomus intraradices at the time of planting the seedlings. Simulated acid rains at pH 2.6, 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 were made by mixing sulfuric acid and nitric acid at 3: 1 ratio. Each pot received nutrient solution without N and P, and was also supplied with 180 ml of the one pH level of the acid rains once a week for 50 days. The plants were grown in the green house. At the end of experimental period, plants were harvested to determine contents of chlorophyll, mineral nutrients and net photosynthesis in the tissues, dry weight of the plants, and mycorrhizal infection in the roots. Mycorrhizal infection rate was significantly reduced only at pH 2.6, which meant vitality of G intraradices was inhibited at extremely low pH. Height growth, dry weight production, nodule production and chlorophyll content were increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels except pH 3.6. Particularly, mycorrhizal inoculation increased root nodule production by 85% in pH 5.6 and 45% in 4.6 treatments. But the stimulatory effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nodule production was reduced at pH 3.6 and 2.6. Net photosynthesis was increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels. The phosphorus(P) content in the tissues was increased by 43% in average by mycorrhizal inoculation, which was statistically significant except in pH 2.6. It was concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation of Robinia pseudoacacia would enhance growth and resistance of the plants to acid rain by improving the photosynthesis, phosphorus nutrition, and more nodule production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.548-555
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• 1994

To compare the tolerance of crops to acid rain at different growth stages a simulated acid rain (SAR) of pH 2.7 was applied to rice, soybean, and hot pepper from vegetative growth stage to harvest (Veget.-Harvest) and from reproductive growth stage to harvest (Reprod.-Harvest). Visual damages of crops by SAR were greater in the order of rice < hot pepper < soybean and greater at Veget.-Harvest than at Reprod.-Harvest treatment. Chlorophyll content of all crops was greater in the order of Veget.-Harvest < Reprod.-Harvest treatment < control, but photosynthetic activity was not affected by SAR treatments. Nitrogen concentration and uptake of rice plants at harvest were similar among SAR treatments, but those of soybean and hot pepper were greater at Veget.-Harvest treatment than at Reprod.-Harvest treatment or control. Sulfur concentration of all crops was not affected by SAR treatments, but total sulfur uptake of soybean was greater in SAR treatments than untreated control. Grain yield of rice and soybean was not affected by SAR although grain fertility, percent ripened grains, and 1,000-grain weight of rice at Veget.-Harvest treatment were lower compared with Reprod.-Harvest treatment or control. Fruit dry weight of hot pepper was greater in the order of Veget.-Harvest < Reprod.-Harvest < control due to decreased fruit number per plant and average fruit weight. At one time application of SAR at flowering stage, brown spots were observed on the spikelets of rice at below pH 2.3. Petals of soybean and hot pepper were wilted at pH below 1. 7 and 2.0, respectively, but fruit setting was not affected by the pH of the SRA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of lime materials application on reducing injury of simulated acid rain(SAR) in soybean grown in pot contained with sandy loam. Six treatments including control, slaked lime(SL), 1% and 2% lime water(LW) and composite treatments with SL+LW were applied. Slaked lime was applied to soil in pot before planting, and lime water was applied to leaves a day prior to the spray of SAR(pH 2.7) and normal rain(pH 6.0), and these were sprayed at 2-day intervals. Growth, yield and yield components, foliar injury rate, chrolophyll content and photosynthetic activity in leaves, content of mineral nutrients in plant and soil chemical properties were analyzed and investigated. These results obtained are summarized as follows : Seed yield of all lime treatment was reduced by SAR compared with control. But seed yield of all lime treatment was increased with treatment of lime material in soil and on leaves. After 15 and 45 times spray of SAR, all lime treatments were effective in injury reducing visible injury of leaves compared with none treatment. Chlorophyll content in leaves was highest in plants treated with slaked lime+ 1% lime water and photosynthetic activity was highest with treatment of slaked lime. Concentration of total nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur in soybean plant were increased by the spray of SAR. Concentration of total nitrogen, potassium and calcium in soybean plant were increased with treatment of slaked lime into soil. By treatments of SAR, soil pH was decreased, and total nitrogen and sulfur concentration in soil were increased. However, available phosphate and exchangeable cations in soil such as calcium, magnesium and potassium were reduced. Soil pH, calcium and silicate concentration were increased with treatment of slaked lime into soil.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07b
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• pp.1342-1344
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• 2002

Wind is a significant and valuable renewable energy resource. It is safe and abundant and can make an important contribution to future clean, sustainable and diversified electricity supplies. Unlike other sources of energy, wind does not pollute the atmosphere nor create any hazardous waste. In some countries wind energy is already competitive with fossil and nuclear power even without accounting for the environmental benefits of wind power. The cost of electricity from conventional power stations does not usually take full account of its environmental impact (acid rain, oil slick clean up, the effects of climate change, etc). In this paper, a transient phenomenon simulation method for Wind Power Generation System(WPGS) under real weather conditions has been proposed. The simulation method is expected to be able to analyze easily under various conditions with considering the sort of wind turbine, the capacity of system and the converter system. Wind turbine connected to the synchronous generator and power converter was simulated.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 1996

A green-house experiment was conducted to know the performance of Chinese cabbage and radish applied with simulated acid rain(SAR) on the leaf and/or soil. The pHs of SAR and normal water were 2.7 and 6.0, respectively. The pHs of SAR and normal water applied on leaf/soil were 6.0/6.0, 6.0/2.7, 2.7/6.0, and 2.7/2.7 and they were applied fifteen times at the two- or three-day intervals with 10mm at a time. Leaf application of SAR caused brown spots in both crops, while no such symptoms were observed in soil application. SAR applied on the leaf or soil increased chlorophyll content significantly in Chinese cabbage, but slightly in radish. Leaf or soil application of SAR did not affect N, P, and K concentrations in both crops. The sulfur content in radish leaf increased by leaf or soil application of SAR, while in the root it increased by soil application only. Yield of Chinese cabbage was not affected by SAR, while both leaf and root yields of radish were significantly reduced by leaf application of SAR compared with soil application.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 1996

A green house experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of Chinese cabbage and radish and changes in soil chemical properties after application of different amounts of simulated acid rain (SAR). About 10mm of normal water (pH 6.0), 5mm of SAR followed by 5mm of normal water, and 10mm of SAR were applied 24 times at the two-day intervals. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Visible symptoms were dark brown, red brown, or grey brown leaf spots, reduced leaf size, or some times wrinked leaves in both crops. The visible symptoms started after the third application of SAR. The degree of damages was greater as the amounts and the number of times of SAR application increased. 2. Chlorophyll contents of SAR applied leaves decreased as the amounts of SAR application increased. 3. As the amounts of SAR increased, length, diameter, and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage heads and radish roots decreased. 4. In both crops sulfur content increased, while calcium content decreased as the amounts of SAR increased. Contents of N, P, K, and Mg were not significnatly affected by the amounts of SAR. 5. SAR decreased soil pH and exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K), while increased soil sulfur content.