• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2008

This study was designed to figure out the changes in elderly women's foot size and shape by aging, to propose size specification for elderly women's shoes, and to produce regression equations using representative measurements items to estimate other measurements usually hard to get. Subjects were 118 women of 30-59 years and the 227 elderly women over 60 years. Martin's anthropometry was done on the right foot of each subject for 25 items. And 11 indirect measurement items were measured on both foot printing sole outline and picture in profile taken by digital camera. For statistical analysis on the anthropometric measurements by SPSS program, analysis of variance, post-hoc test(SNK-test), crosstabulation, multiple correlation analysis, regression analysis were performed. The results of the study are as follows. Firstly, it was found that the foot figures of elderly women over 60 years were smaller in girth and width than those of below 60 years. In addition, it was revealed that a big toe and a little toe of elderly women showed a tendency concentrating to the central axis of feet. The foot index of elderly was smaller in width and girth. Secondly, foot size distribution table of elderly group showed wider size ranges and covered smaller sizes than the below the age of 60, meaning wide variation in foot size of elderly women. Thirdly, the multiple correlation analysis showed high correlation of foot length/girth to other measurements, suggesting these two items could be used as representative items for elderly women's shoe size specification as other age groups. Regression equations were produced using foot length/girth to estimate other measurements, suggesting such items could be estimated effectively and utilized in on/off-line shoe manufacturing shop as heel to big toe length, heel to little toe length, exterior malleouls width, instep girth, ankle girth, etc. These results imply prudent features of elderly women's foot as diversity of foot shape and wide size specification range should be applied for ergonomic shoe design for them.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.117-130
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• 2018

As women wear shoes for a long time due to aesthetic elements and working environment, many women experience discomfort and deformation in their feet due to their shoes and the production of comfortable shoes is becoming an important issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the grip of shoes by foot type, shoe design, and wearing attitude of shoes. Through this, we suggest solutions for foot discomfort due to wearing shoes and help to prevent foot related diseases. The study results are as follows; first, a wide foot, square-type, and high or low arch (hollow foot or flat foot) among foot shapes influenced the fatigue and pain of feet, and big feet over 250mm-long, wide feet, square-type feet, and high-arch feet (hollow foot) had an influence on distortion and side effects. Second, among the characteristics of wearing shoes influencing foot discomfort, the higher the shoe heels were, the narrower the surface covering the feet was (pumps and mule), and the shoes with high front heels and narrow back heel area, the shoe wearer had a higher possibility of experiencing fatigue and pain and even had not only fatigue and pain but also side effects when she wore pointed shoes. Third, a shoe wearer experiences fatigue and pain if she wears shoes for a shorter period of time, stay stood while wearing shoes for a short time, and wears shoes that are bigger or smaller than the actual shoe size. Fourth, fatigue and pain experiencers and distortion and side effects experiencers all responded that they change into other shoes to deal with foot discomfort and that they directly massage their feet.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.121-138
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• 2004

The design of soccer studs is important for providing friction on a variety of surfaces. We hypothesized that a certain type of soccer studs could improve performance due to high rotational friction. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between the frictional characteristics and different soccer stud design. Twelve recreational soccer players were recruited. Rotational friction data from the force plate was collected for all subjects during normal walking with 180 degree rotation. Walking speed was controlled at 1.2m/s (${\pm}\;0.1\;m/s$) with timing lights on infilled artificial turf. Three different types of soccer studs and one running shoe were tested. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine significance. Significant differences were found in rotational friction with four different shoes. Trx and World studs tended to have greater maximum rotational friction than the running shoe (Nova) and traditional soccer shoe(Copa Mondial). The results were as follow : world(25.95Nm) > trx(25.74Nm) > copa(22.50Nm) > nova(16.36Nm). The difference may be due to the number, location, size, and shape of studs. We concluded that stud design influences rotational friction between the shoe and surface during movement. Based on studs design and contact area, Trx with blade type studs are recommended since it showed high rotational friction for performance as well as enough contact area for stability. However, differences due to the mechanical properties of soccer studs are still being investigated.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2022

A 5 day-old Warmblood foal was presented with a quarter crack due to the dam accidentally stepping on his left hind foot. Physical examination revealed the vertical crack included the coronary band of the medial side of the left hind hoof (quarter crack) with the lower pastern avulsion wound. Different from adult horses, the foot of the 5 day-old foal lacked adequate hoof wall thickness for stainless steel wire insertion and hoof size for a reinforcing fabric to be applied. Therefore, the authors decided to stabilize the edges of the cracked wall only by the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites without wiring and a reinforcing fabric application; and gluing a plastic shoe that was reshaped to protect the lower pastern and to spread pressure to other parts of the hoof when bearing weight. Disinfection and a supportive bandage were applied daily for 2 weeks. A month after the hoof crack accident, lameness had diminished. The quarter crack in this foal was treated successfully by the application of the composites three times with a reshaped gluing shoe, with approximately a month interval over the 4 months. After 4 months, it presented a successful functional recovery and needed no further treatment. When followed up 8 months after the accident, it revealed successful outcomes without hoof shape distortion and unbalanced hoof/limb growth.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.13.2-18
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude related to the purchasing and wearing dress shoes for Korean adult women. 480 adult women age from 18 to 86 years participated in the survey and they were recruited in Seoul and Taejeon. The results were as following; 1. The most common dress shoes sizes were 235 and 240. 2. The subjects age uder 30 years perceived that the fashion is mor important than the comfort when they purchase dress shoes. The suvjects age over 60 years preferred shoes design giving comfort than fashionably designed one. 3. The most frequent complainings with dress shoe design were narrow shoe width, the stiffness of material, and discomfortable sole shape. 4. The letter size designation of dress shoes was not fulled recognized by the consumers. The use of letter size designastion was extremely low when they purchased shoes that fit their foot.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2017

This study is a basic study to develop shoe last design technology to enhance and revitalize the competitiveness of the handmade shoes. In-depth interviews were conducted with four manufacturers in Seongsu-dong to identify the production status and design technology of shoe lasts. The result of the research is as follows. Firstly, shoe lasts for adults are produced at intervals of 5mm between 245mm-285mm for men's shoes, and between 220-260mm for women's shoes. The production rate of women's shoes was high in the order of general type, boot type, and sandal type while men's shoes mainly produce general type. Secondly, the master last size and ball girth rating for men's and women's shoes were analyzed to EE-EEE grade at 260mm and D grade at 235mm. The length of the master last for men's shoes is 276-290mm, the heel width is 60-65mm, the ball width is 88-90mm, the ball girth is 250mm, and the waist girth is 248mm. The length of the master shoe last for women's shoes is 236-245 mm, the heel width is 50-55mm, the ball width is 78-80mm, the ball girth is 211~213mm, and the waist girth is 213~215mm. Thirdly, the last grading deviation is 5mm in length, the heel width is 0.5mm, the ball girth is 3.5mm, and the ball with is 1.2mm. The ball girth dimensions of Oxford type, slip-on type, and sneakers type are made at 250mm, 248mm, and 245mm for men's shoes. For women's shoes, the ball girth dimensions of pump type, loafer & boot type, and sandal type are made at 211~213mm, 214~215mm, and 211mm. Fourthly, t+he construction of the automation system is insufficient and almost completely depends on manual production.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.643-648
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• 2004

Most of shoes manufacturing processes are not yet automated, which puts restrictions on the increase of productivity. Among them, adhesive application processes particularly are holding the most workers and working hours. In addition, its working conditions are very poor due to the toxicity of adhesive agents. In case of automating adhesive application processes by using robots, the robot teaching by playback is difficult to produce high productivity because the kinds of shoes to be taught mount up to several thousands. Therefore, it is essential to generate the robot working paths automatically according to the kind, the size, and the right and left of shoes, and also to teach them to the robot automatically. This study deals with automated adhesive spraying to shoe outsoles and uppers by using a robot, and develops the program to generate three-dimensional robot working paths off-line based on CAD data. First, the three-dimensional data of an outsole outline or an upper profiling line are extracted from the two-dimensional CAD drawing file or the three-dimensional scanner. Next, based on the extracted data and the nozzle conditions for adhesive spraying, a robot working path is generated automatically. This research work is the core in automating adhesive spraying processes, and will do much for increasing productivity of shoes manufacturing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.312-319
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to provide information for the manufacturer of shoes. The data was collected through a questionnaire on purchasing practices, wearing state and overall satisfaction with shoes for high school students. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 598 high school students(49.2％ male students, 50.8％ female students) in the Cheongju area. Statistical tests such as frequencies, percentages, and crosstabs were conducted to analyze the data. The results were as follows： 1) The main reasons for buying new shoes were replacing worn out shoes or color and design coordination with other apparel. 2) Male students bought shoes generally from shoe stores and sports brand retailers, but female students bought mainly from shoe stores. The order of criteria considered for purchasing was design, size, price, color, style coordination and comfort. 3) While attending school, male students geneially wore sports shoes, but female students wore sports shoes and dress shoes by similar ratio. 4) The male students used primarily ordinary sports shoes and casual shoes secondarily, and for female students, primarily ordinary sports shoes and sneakers secondarily. 5) They were satisfied with shoe design and color but quality of the material and durability were unsatisfactory. 6) When they wore shoes for long hours, they experienced fatigue of the whole leg and general discomfort, blisters on the feet, and red skin.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 1992

Model pile tests using calibration chamber are performed in !his paper in order to clarify the effect of the fundamental differences between the newly developed SPLT(Simple Pile Loading Test)and the conventional pile loading test on the pile bearing capacity. They are : (1) the direction of the applied load to mobilize the skin friction ; and (2) the use of reduced sifted sliding core. The conclusions obtained from the model pile tests are as follows : (1) The skin friction in tension loading is found to be somewhat smaller than that in compression loading. The average ration is 0.73 with the coefficient of variation (COV) of 0.18. (2) The ratio of the tip resistance rosin연 the reduced sized sliding core to that using the whole shoe shows wide scattering ; its average is 0.99 and the COV is 0.28. The aver - age of 0.99 means that there is no considerable difference in the tip resistance whether the reduced sized sliding core or the whole shoe is used, on condition that penetration depth ratio is larger than 4 : if the boundary effect of the chamber test is considered, the resistance of the whole shoe might be even larger.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-101
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• 2008

This research performs a multi comparison between the age of old households and the economic structure according to accommodation type as well as analyzing the economical structural difference of each type based on the features of aged households. The paper classified aged households into 3 groups according to age distribution. The economic structure analysis according to the age of old households and accommodation type was shown as follow: First, the economical structural analysis based on the age of old households showed a statistical difference in the total, labor, business, property and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, the non-business income and liabilities did not show a significant difference. Second, in the analysis of different economic earnings and initial expenses of middle-aged households according to the age distribution group showed a disparity in the total, labor, business, property, and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, aged households showed a statistical difference in total, labor, business and transfer income variables. Third, in the analysis of difference in the expense provision and size of consumption, there was a statistical difference in the expense variables of total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication. Fourth, in the analysis of difference in the size of consumption expense, the initial and middle-aged households showed a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, communication, and consumption expense variables. However, the analysis of aged households has shown a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication expense variables. The study found a statistical difference in the expense for hygienics that did not appear in the initial and middle-aged households.