• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 2024

In the early 20th century, Walter Benjamin analyzed the changes in the value of traditional art forms under the industrial era and the changes in the aesthetic attitude of the masses. A century later, in the contemporary multi-art world, the traditional medium of shelf painting is once again experiencing a similar situation as the last century. Emerging technology display modes such as digital virtual reality and digital immersive experience can achieve digital reproduction of paintings on shelves and reach a certain level of performance, which once again shocks the public's aesthetic perception. This paper attempts to illustrate the outstanding characteristics of the new art form after digital reconstruction by exploring the transformation and sublimation of digital technology to shelf painting. We predict that art research on future reality and augmented reality according to the artificial intelligence era will be conducted in depth in the future.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.5
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• pp.119-168
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• 1978

This is a survey of the reserved book system in the pilot universities in Korea. We have surveyed only 22 university libraries among 29 pilot schools as of 1977, because of the differences in the library users, library organization, library facilities, and library materials between universities and colleges. In 1972, the Korean Ministry of Education developed a reformation plan for their higher education based on the teaching method of curriculum-oriented faculty instead of that of the faculty-oriented curriculum. The former puts emphasis on the cultivation of a student's thinking, creativity, and judgement through self-teaching to do a given assignment. The reserved book system in a college or university library is one of the most important methods necessary to accomplish the above educational aim. The survey used a questionnaire with 50 question on 28 items concerning the various aspects of the reserved book system in 22 pilot universities. the survey result discovered many problems needing correction. The following list describes the measures needed to correct the problems found in the pilot universities. 1. The management of a centralized reserved book system is much more effective and economical than the decentralized reserved book system when a university is located on the same campus. 2. In the university library, an independent reserved book department requires to gain the desired educational aims as compared with the reserved book room controlled by any other department in the library. 3. The reserved book system should not be adopted by all the departments at once but enlarged gradually, for it needs the understanding and support of faculty members and the university itself. 4. As competence is essential to the effective operation of the reserved book room, the university library should not place an unqualified person in charge of the reserved book department. 5. The librarian in charge of the reserved book department is required to do more professional works such as analysis of users, collection and analysis of syllabuses, maintenance of faculty member cooperation, establishment of measures to acquire unavailable materials, and drawing up an effective management plan. However, he is spending most of his time in clerical works, that is, non-professional works. 6. Three to five titles of each reserved book are considered reasonable and required materials should be shelved in proportion to the number of students, that is, one copy per eight or ten students if the materials are allowed to lend for two hours at a time. For the supplementary materials, the library needs to place two or three copies per subject. 7. Professors must select reserved books with care so that they can be used year after year. 8. Few universities are asking professors the number of class students and the date when the reserved material will no longer be needed on reserve. 9. The library should gather all the lists of reserved books from every professor at least three to five months before the courses open, because it takes a long time to obtain foreign materials. 10. It is desirable that the reserved book department should collect the lists and prepare the materials with promptness and consistency. 11. Instead of block buying, it is desirable to purchase reserved books at the time the library gets the reserved book list from the professors. The library should also inform faculty members whether it obtained each reserved book or not before the course open. 12. The library should make a copy of materials if a professor requires to reserve an out-of-print book or partial contents of a book, journal, and thesis. 13. An independent budger for reserved books from the budget for general materials is desired. 14. The shelf arrangement of reserved books by courses or professors under the same department is much more preferable than a classified arrangement. 15. While most of the universities adopted the open shelves system for all the reserved books, it is more effective and economical to take a compromise system, that is, closed shelves for requires materials and open shelves for supplementary materials. 18. Circulation of reserved books needs a different system between required materials and supplementary materials: two or three hours and/or overnight loan for the former and two and/or three days loan for the latter. 17. A reserved book room should be open a long time after class so that students can have sufficient time to use the room. 18. The library must take daily and monthly statistic as well as statistics on every aspect of the reserved book system in order that the library ma decide on policy and management of the reserved book room in collaboration with the university. Furthermore, regular reports on the use of the reserved book room should be made to the president and the executive council by the library to acquire their understanding and cooperation for the reserved book system. 19. Cooperation of faculty members is indispensable to the effective management of the reserved book department and it is desirable to make a committee which will fix various decisions about the system. Whenever the director of the library make his decision, he must consult with his staff in order to involve them earnestly in the operation of the system.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2015

Mushrooms can grow in nature when adequate temperature and humidity are maintained, but such condition can be satisfied for only a short period of time on an annual continuum. Therefore, it can be deemed that a majority of the distributed mushrooms in the current market are produced in an artificially manipulated environment. This study was conducted to resolve the problem of the Oyster mushroom cultivation house's internal temperature and humidity imbalance, where the Oyster mushrooms are cultivated in a multi-layered shelves. The air circulation fans were installed to improve the air uniformity of the Oyster mushroom cultivation house by using multi-layered shelves. During the experiment, the ambient temperature and the ambient relative humidity ranged from $5.2^{\circ}C$ to $20.4^{\circ}C$ and 40% to 100% respectively. Due to the change of the outdoor temperature, the internal temperature of the Oyster mushroom cultivation house also changed, ranging from $13.3^{\circ}C$ to $18.4^{\circ}C$, but the temperature gap between the different internal location of the facility during the conforming recorded time only ranged from $0.2^{\circ}C$ to $1.3^{\circ}C$, being significantly stable. The internal relative humidity, ranging from 82% to 96%, also changed due to the change of the outdoor temperature. Nevertheless, the relative humidity gap between the different internal location during the conforming recorded time only ranged from 2% to 7%. Furthermore, the research staff were able to maintain the concentration of $CO_2$ from 575ppm to 731ppm(below 1,000ppm was the goal) indicating the possibility of an even management of the internal environment by installing the air circulation fan.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.217-225
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• 2010

Today's public libraries in communities are on the processes of changes to integrate information and communication technology into traditional library system in order to support current users' demands for the new digital era. The purpose of this study is to examine the changing characters on space design and space uses of community based public libraries by conducting case studies of three branch libraries which were built after 2004 in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. As the conclusion of this research, the findings of the case studies are utilized as basic data for planning and design guidelines for public libraries as community resources. The study summarizes the characteristics of space design and space uses in public libraries as follow; first, the floor plans of small-scale public libraries are open visually as well as spatially. The space organization of the libraries is arranged by potential noise levels, as placing noisy spaces near the entrance halls and quiet spaces at the back. Main book shelves are located in the middle of the library buildings, while seats are arranged along the window sides. By placing various kinds of furniture in open reading areas, library users can select different types of seats and tables for their comforts. Second. the survey of observation also finds that a large number of users often use library computers and personal computers to connect the internet at the libraries. These personal computer users who are new user group in community based libraries preferred to sit in casual study areas and individual tables with one or two seats only. Third, the libraries, in addition, develop and provide various programs and events for people in communities. Especially, the programs for children, the elderly and new comers from the abroad are well prepared, thus provide opportunities for them to visit the libraries in regular bases. The survey finds that family entertainment and leisure activities are the important parts of the program as well as renting music CD and movie DVD are also important reasons for people to come. Thus, the libraries prepare high quality children's space and CD shelves near the entrance hall.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14
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• pp.1-7
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• 1996

Designers often hesitate to decide the shape, size, and layout of a product. Though ergonomic principles and data are absolutely needed in this process, they don have enough guidelines to refer. For the refrigerator designers, they also are not convinced of their decision: the vertical position of the freezing and refrigerating rooms, the height of shelves, the shape of door-handle, etc. To support the refrigerator design, we applied several ergonomic methods to the evaluation of refrigerator. EMG was measured to evaluate the load of users lumbar muscle. Based upon the experimental EMG data, we developed a model to estimate the relative load corresponding to the height of refrigerator shelves. Two different layouts of a refrigerator, R/F and F/R styles, were compared with the model. A three-dimensional motion analysis method was used to evaluate the users motion of using a refrigerator. Ten door-handles with the different shapes and positions were evaluated by tracking the rotations of the users arm. Video protocol analysis was used to evaluate the user interface of a control panel in a refrigerator. Finally, we suggested several ergonomic design guidelines based on the facts found in this research and the anthropometric data of the Korean adults. The results of this study can be applied to the ergonomic design of refrigerators

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.11
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• pp.3-42
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• 1984

This is to establish a model of the standardization of shelving, chairs, tables and card cabinets for college and university libraries in Korea. The size of furniture was measured on the base of the analysis of the human factors, such as the standard size of human bodies of the college students in Korea, the scope of work area, the moving degree of muscles, the limit of the visual field, etc. The results of this study are as follows: 1. It is desirable that the standard shelf length should be 800mm. and the maximum . shelving height should not exceed 1,803mm. And it is desirable that the bottom shelf has a ground clearance of about $210\~390mm$. 2. It is advisable that the sloped shelving has the slope from about 1,000mm, or 930mm, and the gradient should be $19^{\circ}$ from the above mentioned sloping position and the bottom of each shelf. And it is desirable that the slope height of each shelf should be 77mm. 3. It is advisable that the seat area for users should be $410\~420\times420mm$, and the seat height should be $390\~0400mm$. 4. It is desirable that the table size per user should exceed $490\times880\~890mm$, and the table height should be $680\~690mm$. 5. It is advisable that each tray of the card cabinet should hold about 740 cards, and the depth should exceed 430mm. And it is desirable that the maximum height of card cabinets should be as follows: 60du(drawer units)-$1,400\~1,460mm$, 30du-1, 300mm, 15du-1,100mm. In addition, it is advisable that the 30du cabinet should accomodate 5 trays vertically and 6 trays horizontally for avoiding the worst working position rather than 6 trays vertically and 5 trays horizontally. 6. It is desirable that the height of sliding reference shelves in card cabinets, or consultation tables should be 900mm. But in the case of the sliding shelves, it is desirable to be as follows: 15du-900mm when the card cabinet height is more than 1,100, mm, but unnecessary when less than 1,100mm high, 30du-1,000mm, or 1,100mm in the case of $5\times6du$, but 900mm in the case of $6\times5du$, $60du-900\~950mm$ when the card cabinet height is $1,400\~1,460mm$.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-80
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• 1984

The aim of this paper is to study the classification and arrangement system, the original texts, and the bibliographic deseription of Dae-Jang-Mock-Lock. The results of this study can be summarized as followings; 1. The first carving of Dae-Jang-Mock-Lock was assumed to be completed at latest by 1087 (King Sun-Jong 4, Koryo) when the first carving of Dae-Jang-Kyong, the complete collection of Buddhist Sutra, mas finished. Henee, Dae-Jang-Mock-Lack is safely said to be the oldest catalog in Korea. 2. The major function of Dae-Jang-Mock-Lock mas to facilitate the job of printing, managing, or arranging the Sutra tablets, rather than to serve as its references. 3. Dae-Jang-Mock-Lock mas classified in accordance with the classification sys tern of Gae-Woon-Suck-Kyo-Lock, a chinese Buddhist catalog. This system classified the complete collection of Buddhist Sutra into the three categories of "Mah$\={a}$y$\={a}$na Tripitaka", "Hinayan$\={a}$ Tripitaha", and "collected Biographies of Samgha", at the first gradation. And then the Mah$\={a}$yan$\={a}$ Tripitaka mas divided into the three categories of "Mah$\={a}$y$\={a}$na Sutra", "Mah$\={a}$y$\={a}$na Uparaksa", and "Mah$\={a}$y$\={a}$na Upadesa", at the second gradation. In the same manner the "Hinayan$\={a}$ Tripitaka was divided into "Hinayan$\={a}$ Sutra", "Hinayan$\={a}$ Uparaksa", and "Hinayan$\={a}$ Upadesa". The "Collected Biographies of Samgha" was divided into Brahman Samgha and Chinese Samgha. For this reason we Can name this main classification system as a Tripitaka Classification. 4. The first carving tablets of the Buddhist Sutra from Choen Shelf (天函) to Young Shelf (英函) were the same Sutra that were included in Gae-Woen-Suck-Kyo-Lock (開元釋敎錄), except those 4 omitted sutras of 22 volumes. But the other 7 sutras of 24 volumes were included as an extra addition in "Dae-Jang-Mock-Lock." 5. The 40 shelves and 376 volumes of Buddhist Sutra from the Doo Shelf (杜函) to the Kyong Shelf (輕函) in Dae-Jang-Mock-Lock were copied from the texts of Guran Edition (契丹本) 6. The 36 shelves of Buddhist Sutras from the Bun shelf (磻函) to the Mil shelf (密函) in Dae-Jang-Mock-Lock were the same as those included in Sock-Jung-Woen-Suck-Kyo-Lock (續貞元釋敎錄), except the 3 omitted sutras.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.20
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• pp.19-24
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the optimum intervals of shelves and seed-tray layout in container for raising rice seedlings at automatic facility. The seedling characteristics were evaluated with 10-day to 20-day old seedling grown under the different intervals of nursery shelves and seed-tray arrangement in the containers. The plant height was increased as the shelf intervals in nursery containers from 17 cm to 23 cm. The difference in plant height was larger in seedlings seeded at May 10 than those at June 10 and in 20-day old seedlings as compared with 10-day old seedlings. The growth characteristics of seedlings was significantly varied with the layout intervals of nursery tray on the containers. The seedling height was shorter as the extension of layout intervals of the tray on the shelf of nursery containers, but the seedling quality was increased in the seedling which grown on the trays arranged at 3 to 5 cm intervals. The light intensity was remarkably different from the position of nursery tray in the container. The illumination intensity was the highest on the uppermost tray. However the seedling height was shorter as the raising of tray position from the lowest shelf to the highest it in nursery container. The best results based on the seedling characteristics was obtained from the seedlings which grown in the tray arranged at 3 cm interval on the ten-shelf container with 20 cm intervals.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.42-53
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine the space usage behaviors of dwelling by using field study method and by interviewing residents of apartment houses in rural areas. It has been found that the main occupancy space among the residents of apartment houses in rural area is based on agricultural activities. This study will show that apartment houses in rural areas must, as a necessity, reflect the characteristics and needs of its rural environment. It is certain that the existing "unit plan" is not a suitable method. Residents of rural areas have been able to adjust themselves to their current dwelling space properly. This is, mainly, due to economic factors. The interior space is used for simple everyday activities like loading, deposit and drying things. "Nongmak" is a space used for agricultural work and the balcony is used for storage of various things. In conclusion, this study strongly suggested that secure storage space based on the farmhouse model and rural lifestyle should be necessary. Furthermore, special designed cubic shelves should be placed in utility rooms and balconys. And the design and function of apartment houses in rural areas must reflect the needs of its residents.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.180-191
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identity the probability of cross-contamination from the environment. For this, we examined foodservices at 20 universities/colleges for microbiological analysis of their working facilities and environment as well as their preventive equipment against cross-contamination. Seventy percent of the 20 foodservices were found to maintain one unified working area, which suggests high probability of contamination of food/utensils/equipment in the cooking area by pre-preparation or dish washing. According to the microbiological analysis, the hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the clean zone was 70%, which was higher than the average 45% hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the contamination operating zone. There was a significant difference in the total plate count (P<0.001) and coliform count (P<0.01), which demonstrates that work tables in the clean zone were in a good state compared to those in the contamination operating zone. In the contamination operating zone, refrigerator shelves had a high probability of cross-contamination. Regarding the floor surface and airborne microbes, cooking areas which should be maintained as clean zones had higher cross-contamination probability than those in the contamination operating zone. So corrective actions such as cleaning and sanitizing, keeping dry floors, lowered temperature and humidity, shoe disinfecting facilities, and checking concentrations, are necessary to manage floor surfaces and airborne microbes in the cooking area.