• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2011

In plants, heteroblasty reflects the morphological adaptation during leaf development according to the external environmental condition and affects the final shape and size of organ. Among parameters displaying heteroblasty, leaf index is an important and typical one to represent the shape and size of simple leaves. Leaf index factor is eventually determined by cell proliferation and cell expansion in leaf blades. Although several regulators and their mechanisms controlling the cell division and cell expansion in leaf development have been studied, it does not fully provide a blueprint of organ formation and morphogenesis during environmental changes. To investigate genes and their mechanisms controlling leaf index during leaf development, we carried out molecular-genetic and physiological experiments using an Arabidopsis mutant. In this study, we identified macrophylla (mac) which had enlarged leaves. In detail, the mac mutant showed alteration in leaf index and cell expansion in direction of width and length, resulting in not only modification of leaf shape but also disruption of heteroblasty. Molecular-genetic studies indicated that mac mutant had point mutation in ROTUDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and was an allele of rot3-1 mutant. We named it mac/rot3-5 mutant. The expression of ROT3 gene was controlled by negative feedback inhibition by the treatment of brassinosteroid hormone, suggesting that ROT3 gene was involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. In dark condition, in addition, the expression of ROT3 gene was up-regulated and mac/rot3-5 mutant showed lower response, compare to wild type in petiole elongation. This study suggests that ROT3 gene has an important role in control of leaf index during leaf expansion process for proper environmental adaptation, such as shade avoidance syndrome, via the control of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.73-77
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to improve the ornamental value of Perilla frutescens var. acuta. The growth of Perilla frutescens var. acuta was significantly varied as according to light intensities. The plant height, crown width, petiole length, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, and chlorophyll content were the greatest with 30% shade treatment. All of growth characteristics decreased as increasing shading levels. The anthocyanin contents also decreased with 70% shading level. The leaf color turned from dark purplish red to deep yellowish green, and the growth rate and ornamental value were the lowest with 70% shading condition.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.159-170
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• 1999

Preference of chestnut brown chafer (CBC), Adoretus tenuimaculatus was examined from chestnut leaves which were treated with different light condition, temperature and nitrogen fertilization. More CBC was attracted to leaves which grown at $30^{\circ}C$ than grown at $20^{\circ}C$,$ 25^{\circ}C$ and in the field. When attracted number of CBC was compared among full sunlight-grown, cloth shaded-grown and dark-grown plants, 4.0 in full sunlight grown and 5.0 in dark-grown plants. Amount of nitrogen fertilizer did not influence CBC feeding. The attractiveness of undamaged leaves with non-feeding beetles, leaves with feeding damaged, and leaves with artificial damaged was compared in replicated laboratory trials by placing the treatments in the petri-dish and counted the number of beetles that landed on the plants after 6 hr treatment. The highest number of beetles was attracted to chestnut leaf with feeding damaged ($7.7\pm$0.6) than undamaged leaf with non-feeding beetles ($5.3\pm$0.6) and artificial damaged ($4.3\pm$0.6). Managnese content in the leaves of chestnut grown in shade cloth-grown condition was higher than that in the leaves of chestnut that had been exposed to full sunlight condition and dark condition, and feeding damaged leaf.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 1971

Potential grain yield of rice plant was calculated from potential grain yield of each leaf for two lines of IR 667 and two commercial varieties (Jinhung and Paldal). According to the percentage contribution of each leaf the pattern of potential grain yield of IR 667 lines could be grouped into the upper leaf-dependent type indicating fast senescence while that of commercial varieties could be grouped into the lower leaf-dependent type indicating shade resistance. The comparisons between potential grain yields and apparent grain yields indicate that the commercial varieties having a comparably unfavorable plant type thus remained much behind the potential yield. The significance of potential grain yield was discussed in relation to nutrio-physiology and breeding. Methods for potential yield determination were also discussed.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2015

Cellular aspects of sooty mold on walnut leaves were investigated by using light and electron microscopy. A black coating developed on the adaxial leaf surface of a walnut tree. No infestations were found on the abaxial leaf surface with peltate glandular trichomes. Light microscopy showed that fungal complexes from the leaf surface were composed of brown conidia and hyphae. Conidia, with longitudinal and transverse septa, were variable in length ranging from 10 to $30{\mu}m$, and commonly found in clusters, forming microsclerotia. Neither epidermal penetration nor hyphal entrance to host tissues was observed. Based on their morphological characteristics, the fungal complexes were assumed to be Capnodium species. An electron-dense melanized layer was present on the cell wall of multi-celled conidia. Concentric bodies in the fungal cytoplasm had an electron-translucent core surrounded by an electron-dense margin with a fibrillar sheath. Chloroplasts without starch granules in the palisade mesophyll cells of sooty leaves had electron-dense stromata and swollen plastoglobuli. These results suggest that the epiphytic growth of fungal complexes can be attributed to the melanized layer and concentric bodies against a water-deficient environment on the leaf surface. Ultrastructural characteristics of the sooty leaves indicate typical features of dark-adapted and non-photosynthetic shade leaves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.292-298
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• 1999

Huber value and leaf specific conductivity were investigated for determining the hydraulic conductance of six deciduous hardwood species subjected to five levels of artificial shade treatments. Huber values measured in full sun were in the ranges of $1.5{\sim}9.1mm^2/dm^2$, $1.3{\sim}2.6mm^2/dm^2$, $1.5{\sim}5.3mm^2/dm^2$ in June, July, and September, respectively in the first year. The values generally decreased with increasing the shading in most of the species studied. Because of early defoliation in September, most of the values measured were also higher in September than in July. Huber values were quite different between those of the first year and those of the second year in most of the species studied, but the seasonal variation of Huber values and shading effects to the values seemed to be similar between the first and the second years. The values of leaf specific conductivity(LSC) measured in Betula platyphylla var. japonica. B. schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono for 2 years were in the range of $4.0{\sim}80.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$ by season and by shading treatment. But in Ligustrum obtusifolium and Prunus sargentii, the values were in the ranges of $4.0{\sim}280.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$ and $8.0{\sim}120{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$, respectively with having quite different values compared with those of the above species. Seasonal variation of LSC values was more or less irregular by species and by treatment year, but the LSC values of B. platyphylla vac. japonica, B. schmidtii, and P. sargentii in the first year and also those of Z. serrata and P. sargentii in the second year were mostly higher in September than in July. The LSC values seemed to be generally decreased with increasing the artificial shading in all of the species studied.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.223-225
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• 2003

Ocimum sanctum, the Indian holy basil has significant abilities to scavenge highly reactive free radicals. Shade dried leaf powder of plant has extracted with water and alcohol, fractionated with different solvents. Both extracts and their fractions were found to be good scavengers of Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Free radical scavenging action of these compared with ascorbic acid, a known antioxidant.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 2008

In order to elucidate growth characteristics, physiological responses and leaf color changes of leaf-variegated Arundinaria munsuensis and Carex ciliato-marginata for variegata, These experiments were performed under four different light ragimes control(full sun), 40%, 70% and 85%. Plant height and leaf area became promoted as shading level increases in leaf-variegated Arundinaria munsuensis. Photosynthetic effect was the highest in 85% shading of the full sun. Thus, this plant could be growing in the deep shade condition. Plant growth and the leaf color changes were most obviously shown in the 40% shading level. In the Carex ciliatomarginata for. variegata growth status was the best and green or strong greenish yellow leaf color turned out to be much clearer in the 40% shading treatment. And photosynthetic activity was enhanced as the light intensity decreases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 1989

Ginseng plants in the 2nd year were grown under the shade (90-95%) of colored cellophane films at $15^{\circ}C$ in a natural light phytotron. Relative root grown (final/initial) was in decreasing order of blue, green, white, yellow and red. The growth of aerial part, especially stem length was poorest in blue light with relative root growth negatively correlated with stem length. In this relation each color showed specific domain. Stem length showed positive linear correlation with leaf area per plant in each and among light though it was not significant in red light. The content and ratio of chlorophyll a and b in leaf were in the decreasing order of White, Blue, Green, Red and Yellow. There is positive correlation between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and between total chlorophyll and chl:a/b ratio. Blue color shade is expected to be beneficial for ginseng production.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of shading (0, 35, 55, 75, 95% to incident sunlight) on the growth of Hedera rhombea Bean and Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. in order to determine optimum light intensity for ground cover plants. H. rhombea showed a upright growth type under 95% shading and P. terminalis was highest under 35% shading. Number of branches was not significantly affected by shading levels. Stem diameter and length were reduced under shading from 35% to 95%. Leaf growth was vigorous under 35% and 55% shade condition. Leaves became longer with decreasing light intensity, but shorter in 95% shading than control. There was a slight trend that total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, b contents increased with decreasing light intensity, and so did chlorophyll a/b ratio. Fresh and dry weight of both plants were higher under 35, 55, and 75% shading than control and 95% shading. Specific leaf weight tended to decrease with reduction of light intensity. Thus, optimum light intensity for growth of them may be 35 and 55% shading of incident sunlight. In addition, it is possible to grow them under even 75% shading of incident sunlight.