• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

We show that all automata in a. certain natural class satisfy three semisimplicity properties and describe all languages recognized by these automata.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.895-903
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• 2023

In this paper, we give some results on 2-strongly Gorenstein projective modules and related rings. We first investigate the relationship between strongly Gorenstein projective modules and periodic modules and then give the structure of modules over strongly Gorenstein semisimple rings. Furthermore, we prove that a ring R is 2-strongly Gorenstein hereditary if and only if every ideal of R is Gorenstein projective and the class of 2-strongly Gorenstein projective modules is closed under extensions. Finally, we study the relationship between 2-Gorenstein projective hereditary and 2-Gorenstein projective semisimple rings, and we also give an example to show the quotient ring of a 2-Gorenstein projective hereditary ring is not necessarily 2-Gorenstein projective semisimple.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.757-762
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• 2008

In this paper, we generalize a few results of [7, 10] for lower radical classes of rings, by using the limit ordinal construction for lower radical classes of hemirings.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.1605-1614
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• 2014

In continuation to the investigation initiated by Ferraz, Goodaire and Milies in [4], we provide an explicit description for the Wedderburn decomposition of finite semisimple group algebras of the class of finite groups G, such that $$G/Z(G){\simeq_-}C_2{\times}C_2$$, where Z(G) denotes the center of G.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.495-497
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• 2003

Let ${\wp}_1$, ${\wp}_2$ be the radical classes of rings. Y. Lee and R. E. Propes have defined their sum by ${\wp}_1+{\wp}_2=\{R{\in}{\omega}:{\wp}_1(R)+{\wp}_2(R)=R\}$. They have shown that ${\wp}_1+{\wp}_2$ is not a radical class in general. In this paper, a few results of Lee and Propes are generalized and also new conditions are investigated under which this sum becomes a radical class.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.205-211
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• 1979

In this paper we continue the study of formation radical (F-radical) classes initiated in [3]. Hereditary and stronger properties of F-radical classes are discussed by giving construction for lower hereditary, lower stronger and lower strongly hereditary F-radical classes containing a given class M. It is shown that the Baer F-radical B is the lower strongly hereditary F-radical class containing the class of all nilpotent ideals and it is the upper radical class with $\{(I,\;N){\mid}N{\in}C,\;N\;is\;prime\}{\subset}SB$ where SB denotes the semisimple F-radical class of B and C is an arbitrary but fixed class of homomorphically closed near-rings. The existence of a largest F-radical class contained in a given class is examined using the concept of complementary F-radical introduced by Scott [5].

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2012

In this paper we consider pseudo-BCK/BCI-algebras. In particular, we consider properties of minimal elements ($x{\leq}a$ implies x = a) in terms of the binary relation $\leq$ which is reflexive and anti-symmetric along with several more complicated conditions. Some of the properties of minimal elements obtained bear resemblance to properties of B-algebras in case the algebraic operations $\ast$ and $\circ$ are identical, including the property $0{\circ}(0{\ast}a)$ = a. The condition $0{\ast}(0{\circ}x)=0{\circ}(0{\ast}x)=x$ all $x{\in}X$ defines the class of p-semisimple pseudo-BCK/BCI-algebras($0{\leq}x$ implies x = 0) as an interesting subclass whose further properties are also investigated below.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.265-270
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• 1994

In 1966, Iseki [2] introduced the notion of BCI-algebras which is a generalization of BCK-algebras. Lei and Xi [3] discussed a new class of BCI-algebra, which is called a p-semisimple BCI-algebra. For p-semisimple BCI-algebras, a subalgebra is an ideal. But a subalgebra of an arbitrary BCI/BCK-algebra is not necessarily an ideal. In this note, a BCI/BCK-algebra that every subalgebra is an ideal is called a normal BCI/BCK-algebra, and we give characterizations of normal BCI/BCK-algebras. Moreover we give a positive answer to the problem which is posed in [4].(omitted)

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.595-606
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• 2014

In this paper three more right Jacobson-type radicals, $J^r_{g{\nu}}$, are introduced for near-rings which generalize the Jacobson radical of rings, ${\nu}{\in}\{0,1,2\}$. It is proved that $J^r_{g{\nu}}$ is a special radical in the class of all near-rings. Unlike the known right Jacobson semisimple near-rings, a $J^r_{g{\nu}}$-semisimple near-ring R with DCC on right ideals is a direct sum of minimal right ideals which are right R-groups of type-$g_{\nu}$, ${\nu}{\in}\{0,1,2\}$. Moreover, a finite right $g_2$-primitive near-ring R with eRe a non-ring is a near-ring of matrices over a near-field (which is isomorphic to eRe), where e is a right $g_2$-primitive idempotent in R.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2018

We focus on the structure of the set of noncentral idempotents whose role is similar to one of central idempotents. We introduce the concept of quasi-Abelian rings which unit-regular rings satisfy. We first observe that the class of quasi-Abelian rings is seated between Abelian and direct finiteness. It is proved that a regular ring is directly finite if and only if it is quasi-Abelian. It is also shown that quasi-Abelian property is not left-right symmetric, but left-right symmetric when a given ring has an involution. Quasi-Abelian property is shown to do not pass to polynomial rings, comparing with Abelian property passing to polynomial rings.