• The Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.31-45
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• 2019

The core technologies for intelligent services today are deep learning, that is neural networks, and parallel and distributed processing technologies such as GPU parallel computing and big data. However, for intelligent services and knowledge sharing services through globally shared ontologies in the future, there is a technology that is better than the neural networks for representing and reasoning knowledge. It is a knowledge representation of IF-THEN in RIF or SWRL, which is the standard rule language of the Semantic Web, and can be inferred efficiently using the rete algorithm. However, when the number of rules processed by the rete algorithm running on a single computer is 100,000, its performance becomes very poor with several tens of minutes, and there is an obvious limitation. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the past and current studies on parallel and distributed processing of rete algorithm, and examine what aspects should be considered to implement an efficient rete algorithm.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.35-48
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• 2022

In this study, it propose a proof theory method for expressing and reasoning knowledge in a multiagent environment. Since this method determines logical results in a mechanical way, it has developed as a core field from early AI research. However, since the proposition cannot always be proved in any set of closed sentences, in order for the logical result to be determinable, the range of expression is limited to the sentence in the form of a clause. In addition, the resolution principle, a simple and strong reasoning rule applicable only to clause-type sentences, is applied. Also, since the proof theory can be expressed as a meta predicate, it can be extended to the metalogic of the proof theory. Metalogic can be superior in terms of practicality and efficiency based on improved expressive power over epistemic logic of model theory. To prove this, the semantic method of epistemic logic and the metalogic method of proof theory are applied to the Muddy Children problem, respectively. As a result, it prove that the method of expressing and reasoning knowledge and common knowledge using metalogic in a cooperative multiagent environment is more efficient.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.360-365
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• 2022

문장 표현(sentence representation)은 자연어처리 분야 내의 다양한 문제 해결 및 응용 개발에 있어 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 주요한 도구 중 하나이다. 하지만 최근 널리 도입되고 있는 사전 학습 언어 모델(pre-trained language model)로부터 도출한 문장 표현은 이방성(anisotropy)이 뚜렷한 등 그 고유의 특성으로 인해 문장 유사도(Semantic Textual Similarity; STS) 측정과 같은 태스크에서 기대 이하의 성능을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 대조 학습(contrastive learning)을 사전 학습 언어 모델에 적용하는 연구가 문헌에서 활발히 진행되어 왔으며, 그중에서도 레이블이 없는 데이터를 활용하는 비지도 대조 학습 방법이 주목을 받고 있다. 하지만 대다수의 기존 연구들은 주로 영어 문장 표현 개선에 집중하였으며, 이에 대응되는 한국어 문장 표현에 관한 연구는 상대적으로 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 대표적인 비지도 대조 학습 방법(ConSERT, SimCSE)을 다양한 한국어 사전 학습 언어 모델(KoBERT, KR-BERT, KLUE-BERT)에 적용하여 문장 유사도 태스크(KorSTS, KLUE-STS)에 대해 평가하였다. 그 결과, 한국어의 경우에도 일반적으로 영어의 경우와 유사한 경향성을 보이는 것을 확인하였으며, 이에 더하여 다음과 같은 새로운 사실을 관측하였다. 첫째, 사용한 비지도 대조 학습 방법 모두에서 KLUE-BERT가 KoBERT, KR-BERT보다 더 안정적이고 나은 성능을 보였다. 둘째, ConSERT에서 소개하는 여러 데이터 증강 방법 중 token shuffling 방법이 전반적으로 높은 성능을 보였다. 셋째, 두 가지 비지도 대조 학습 방법 모두 검증 데이터로 활용한 KLUE-STS 학습 데이터에 대해 성능이 과적합되는 현상을 발견하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서는 한국어 문장 표현 또한 영어의 경우와 마찬가지로 비지도 대조 학습의 적용을 통해 그 성능을 개선할 수 있음을 검증하였으며, 이와 같은 결과가 향후 한국어 문장 표현 연구 발전에 초석이 되기를 기대한다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.76-89
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• 2012

This study aimed at carrying out a semantic interpretation of the core Design language that seemed to influence deeply in the creation of the ChwuiseokJeong wonlim of Gochang. Especially, this paper aimed at inferring how the spiritual culture of seclusion of the 16th century influenced the creation of the wonlim by understanding the metaphor and symbolism by grasping the transmission meaning and reception meaning of the creators and the people concerned with keywords like Eunil(隱逸: seclusion), Chwuiseok(醉石), and Chilseongam(七星巖). 'Building up a wall' was intentionally carried out in order to represent 'Seven Stars(The Big Dipper)' inside of the wonlim. This is a kind of two-dimensional 'enframement', and a result of active creation of a meaningful landscape. From Chilseongam that was created by assembling, we presumed that Kyung-Hee Kim, Nohgye(蘆溪), the creator showed the recognition and thoughts of astronomy as a Confucian scholar that the ChwuiseokJeong Wonlim where he secluded is the center of the universe. The interpretation of words in Nohgyezip, an anthology, showed that the articles and writtings of Nohgye, his decsendants, and the people of ChwuiseokJeong included alcohols, Chwuiseok, Yeon-Myung Do, and Yuli(栗里) where Do secluded; this means that Nohgye ranked himself with Do because Nohgye also lived in peace by drinking alcohols and enjoying nature like Do did. 'Drinking' was what expressed the mind of Nohgye who wanted to be free and have the joy of enjoying mountains, water, and their landscape like Do did. In other words, 'Drinking' is the symbol of freedom that makes him forget himself and equate himself with nature. These are the representation, imitation, and mimesis of respecting Yeon-Myung Do. As the alegory of 'speaking something with other things' suggested, it is possible to read 'Chwuiseok', came from the story of Yeon-Myung Do, in multiple ways; it superficially points out 'a rock on which he laid when he was drinking', but it also can be interpreted as 'an object' that made him forget his personal troubles. In addition, it means freewill protecting unselfish mind with the spiritual aberration of drinking, 'Chwui(醉)', mentally; also, it can be interpreted metaphorically and broadly as a tool that makes Nohgye reach to the state of nature by the satisfied mind of Yeon-Myung Do. 'Chwuiseok' was a design language that showed the situation of Nohgye by comparing his mind with the mind of Yeon-Myung Do from the Confucian point of view, and a kind of behavioral mimesis based on his respect to Do and 'aesthetic representation of objective reality.' It is not coincidental that this mimesis was shown in the engraved words on Chwuiseok and the creation of ChwuiseokJeong that has the same name with Chwuiseok in Korea and China.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.2
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• pp.27-48
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• 2004

Robert Rauschenberg's artistic career has often been regarded as having reached its culmination when the artist won the first prize at the 1964 Venice Biennale. With this victory, Rauschenberg triumphantly entered the pantheon of all-American artists and firmly secured his position in the history of American art. On the other hand, despite the artist's ongoing new experiments in his art, the seemingly precocious ripeness in his career has led the critical discourses on Rauschenberg's art to the artist's early works, most of which were done in the mid-1950s and the 1960s. The crux of Rauschenberg criticism lies not only in focusing on the artist's 50's and 60's works, but also in its large dismissal of the significance of the imagery that the artist employed in his works. As art historians Roger Cranshaw and Adrian Lewis point out, the critical discourse of Rauschenberg either focuses on the formalist concerns on the picture plane, or relies on the "culturalist" interpretation of Rauschenberg's imagery which emphasizes the artist's "Americanness." Recently, a group of art historians centered around October has applied Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics as art historical methodology and illuminated the indexical aspects of Rauschenberg's work. The semantic inquiry into Rauschenberg's imagery has also been launched by some art historians who seek the clues in the artist's personal context. The first half of this essay will examine the previous criticism on Rauschenberg's art and the other half will discuss the artist's 1955 work Rebus, which I think intersects various critical concerns of Rauschenberg's work, and yet defies the closure of discourses in one direction. The categories of signs in the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce and the discourse of Jean-Francois Lyotard will be used in discussing the meanings of Rebus, not to search for the semantic readings of the work, hut to make an analogy in terms of the paradoxical structures of both the work and the theory. The definitions of rebus is as follows: Rebus 1. a representation or words or syllables by pictures of object or by symbols whose names resemble the intended words or syllables in sound; also: a riddle made up wholly or in part of such pictures or symbols. 2. a badge that suggests the name of the person to whom it belongs. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. Since its creation in 1955, Robert Rauschenberg's Rebus has been one of the most intriguing works in the artist's oeuvre. This monumental 'combine' painting($6feet{\times}10feet$ 10.5 inches) consists of three panels covered with fabric, paper, newspaper, and printed reproductions. On top of these, oil paints, pencil and crayon drawings connect each section into a whole. The layout of the images is overall horizontal. Starting from a torn election poster, which is partially read as "THAT REPRE," on the far left side of the painting. Rebus leads us to proceed from the left to the right, the typical direction of reading in a Western context. Along with its seemingly proper title. Rebus, the painting has triggered many art historians to seek some semantic readings of it. These art historians painstakingly reconstruct the iconography based on the artist's interviews, (auto)biography, and artistic context of his works. The interpretation of Rebus varies from a 'image-by-image' collation with a word to a more general commentary on Rauschenberg's work overall, such as a work that "bridges between art and life." Despite the title's allusion to the legitimate purpose of the painting as a decoding of the imagery into sound, Rebus, I argue, actually hinders a reading of it. By reading through Peirce to Rauschenberg, I will delve into the subtle anxiety between words and images in their works. And on this basis, I suggest Rauschenberg's strategy in playing Rebus is to hide the meaning of the imagery rather than to disclose it.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2003

The structuring of Web information supports a strong user side viewpoint that a user wants his/her own needs on snooping a specific Web site. Not only the depth first algorithm or the breadth-first algorithm, but also the Web information is abstracted to a hierarchical structure. A prototype system is suggested in order to visualize and to represent a semantic significance. As a motivating example, the Web test site is suggested and analyzed with respect to several keywords. As a future research, the Web site model should be extended to the whole WWW and an accurate assessment function needs to be devised by which several suggested models should be evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1-17
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• 2018

Related incidents and accidents are frequent after 2000 years, such as the outbreak of the Taian peninsula crude oil spillage and Gumi hydrofluoric acid leakage accident. In the wake of such environmental pollution accidents, Consensus has been formed to enact legislation on liability for the compensation of environmental pollution in 2014 and the rescue, and has been in force since January 2016. Therefore, in the domestic insurance industry, the introduced environmental liability insurance system needs to be managed through the standardization formula of a new insurance model for managing the environmental risk. This study has been carried out by the emergence of a safe insurance model with a risky nature of the risk type, which is one of the services of the knowledge base. The verification of the six assurance media on the occurrence of environmental pollution such as chemical, waste, marine, soil, etc. is expressed through semantic interoperability through this possible ontology. The insurance model was designed and presented by deducing the relationship between the amount of money and the amount of money that was written in the area of existing expertise, In order to exclude the possible consequences, the concept of abstract is conceptualized in the form of a customer, and a plan for the future development of an ontology-based decision support system is proposed to reduce the cost and resources consumed every year. It is expected that standardization of the verification standard of the mass of mass will minimize errors and reduce the time and resources required for verification.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.502-510
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper investigate the general definition of Tense and the concepts about Aspect. I consider the correlation between the lexical and the grammatical aspect. Tense is an inflection type of a verb that indicates the time, tense is grammatical categories. Tense has the current tense and the past tense in English. If we recognize aspect as a grammatical category, that the subject of in description will be confined to the grammatical expression. In contrast, when considered as a category of meaning, lexical and grammatical representation is the expression target. Therefore, aspect is stated as a grammatical category. Specially, the aspect of English, there is only a progressive tense and perfect tense. In this case, the progressive aspect is progressive tense and the perfect aspect is perfect tense. Chapter 2, I investigate the definition of the tense of many scholars and define the usage of each tense. In Chapter 3, I exhibit the definition of the Aspect. Aspect is grammatical and semantic one. Tense and Aspect is a simple grammar category, but they have a various spectrum. Therefore, As the definition of the Tense and Aspect becomes clear it will be helpful to students who are received English education. In addition, the definition about tense and aspect needs in variety of areas, more research is needed.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Recently indoor navigation with indoor map such as Indoor Google Maps is served. For the services, constructing indoor data are required. CityGML and IFC are widely used as standards for representing indoor data. The data models contains spatial information for the indoor visualization and analysis, but indoor navigation requires semantic and topological information like graph as well as geometry. For this reason, IndoorGML, which is a GML3 application schema and data model for representation, storage and exchange of indoor geoinformation, is under standardization of OGC. IndoorGML can directly describe geometric property and refer elements in external documents. Because a lot of data in CityGML or IFC have been constructed, a huge amount of construction time and cost for IndoorGML data will be reduced if CityGML can help generate data in IndoorGML. Thus, this paper suggest practical use of CityGML including deriving from and link to CityGML. We analyze relationships between IndoorGML and CityGML. In this paper, issues and solutions for linkage of IndoorGML and CityGML are addressed.

• School Mathematics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-168
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate children's informal knowledge of the fractional multiplication and to develop a teaching material connecting the informal and the formal knowledge. Six lessons of the pre-teaching material are developed based on literature reviews and administered to the 7 students of the 4th grade in an elementary school. It is shown in these teaching experiments that children's informal knowledge of the fractional multiplication are the direct modeling of using diagram, mathematical thought by informal language, and the representation with operational expression. Further, teaching and learning methods of formalizing children's informal knowledge are obtained as follows. First, the informal knowledge of the repeated sum of the same numbers might be used in (fractional number)$\times$((natural number) and the repeated sum could be expressed simply as in the multiplication of the natural numbers. Second, the semantic meaning of multiplication operator should be understood in (natural number)$\times$((fractional number). Third, the repartitioned units by multiplier have to be recognized as a new units in (unit fractional number)$\times$((unit fractional number). Fourth, the partitioned units should be reconceptualized and the case of disjoint between the denominator in multiplier and the numerator in multiplicand have to be formalized first in (proper fractional number)$\times$(proper fractional number). The above teaching and learning methods are melted in the teaching meterial which is made with corrections and revisions of the pre-teaching meterial.