• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.528-535
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• 2005

The non-enzymatic anti-oxidants and lunasin peptide from the extracts of the pepper were examined in order to utilize the discovery in natural products as cancer chemopreventive agents. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity on the fruit parts of the pepper was higher than that of the seed, but the difference was low. The Inhibition activity of xanthine/ xanthine oxidase in extracts of the seed was higher than that of the fruit and that of the seed on 20 days after flowering was the highest at the growing period. These were identified as fatty acids and phenolic compounds such as 1-eicosanol, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and benzonitrile. The contents of fatty acids and phenolic compounds increased according to the time passing at the growing period. Peroxidase (POD) activity of the fruit at middle stage was high than that of other growing stages and that of the seed was the highest at later growing period. Though superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in fruit were hish by passage of Slowing stage, the activity in seed was low. Lunasin was searched from seeds of the peppers by coomassie blue staining and western blot among them and we just found lunasin peptide from extracted protein of the pepper by western blot. In addition, we observed the contents of lunasin after flowering and confirmed to appear the lunasin at 35 days after flowering. We confirmed that lunasin is complex protein of maturing seeds. 100nM lunasin peptide in pepper showed inhibition effect on colony formation in $2\~12$ cells.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.90-93
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• 2006

Innate defence mechanism in plants can be triggered and enhanced by certain agents, referred as inducers against broad range of pathogens. In the present study, Dravya (a sea weed extract) was highly compatible with commonly available synthetic fungicides, Bavistin and Dithane M-45. Incidence of Alternaria padwickii and Bipolaris oryzae was also reduced to a greater extent in the paddy seed samples in Dravya treatment. Dravya also enhanced the seed germination and seedling vigour. Seedlings of treated samples also showed enhanced activity of peroxidase upon challenge inoculation with Alternaria padwickii. The enzyme activity was two fold high after the inoculation of pathogen. The suppression in disease incidence in growing plants indicated the promising effect of Dravya and Dithane M-45 under green-house condition.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.234-244
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting to seed characteristics and seedling growth of Zelkova serrata. The seeds were collected from sixteen populations of Z. serrata and the seed characteristics (i.e., seed length, width, weight and full seed rate) were measured. We also measured the 1-year-old seedling growth of each population at nursery. All seed characteristics showed significant differences in population level. Seed length and seed width were positively correlated with latitude, longitude, altitude and distance from coast line of sampling site. Seed length and seed width also negatively correlated with annual mean temperature, mean temperature of growing season (Mar.~Oct.). The ratio of seed length/seed width showed inverse trend in case of seed length and seed width. Seed weight/1,000 grains had no correlation with geographic factors but showed negative correlation with annual mean dryness index. Seed weight/L showed negative correlation with latitude and longitude and positive correlation with mean temperature of growing season of sampling site. Full seed rate showed negative correlation with latitude, longitude and annual mean dryness index of sampling site. There were significant differences among populations, among family within population and among individuals within family in seedling growth. Height and diameter of root collar of seedling showed negative correlation with longitude and mean humidity of growing season of sampling site. Height growth of seedlings was not correlated with any seed characteristics but, diameter at root collar showed low negative correlation with seed weight/1,000 grains and seed weight/L. We discussed the implications of the results in view of tree improvement of Z. serrata.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.803-808
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• 2002

This paper describes automatic methods for detection of kidney and kidney tumor on abdominal CT scans. The abdominal CT images were digitalized using a film digitizer and a gray-level threshold method was used to segment the kidney. Based on texture analysis results, which were perform on sample images of kidney tumors, SEED region of kidney tumor was selected as result of homogeneity test. The average and standard deviation, which are representative statistical moments, were used to as an acceptance criteria for homogeneous test. Region growing method was used to segment the kidney tumor from the center pixel of selected SEED region using a gray-level value as an acceptance criteria for homogeneity test. These method were applied to 113 images of 9 cases, which were scanned by GE Hispeed Advantage CT scanner and digitalized by Lumisvs LS-40 film digitizer. The sensitivity was 85% and there was no false-positive results.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.246-250
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• 1980

The effects of two Cytozyme complexes, Crop Plus and Seed Plus, applied to rice (variety: Jinheung) were evaluated during the 1980 rice growing season. Primary objectives were directed to determine the effects of rates, timing and method of application of the products on the yield of rice. For the Seed Plus test, seed was soaked in the diluted Seed Plus solution(1 : 100) for 24 hours just prior to sowing. The Crop Plus was diluted to 1 : 12 for seedling treatment. Seedling roots were immersed in the diluted solution for 3 hours before transplanting. Crop Plus spray applied at the rates of 450ml/ha or 900ml/ha when rice plants were in the panicle initiation, heading or tillering stage respectively to compare the effects of rates and timing of application. The weather was not favorable for rice growth during the growing season except the tillering stage. The foliar spray at the tillering stage was more effective than the spray at the panicle initiation, and the rates of 900ml/ha showed better results than 450ml/ha. Combination of seed treatment and foliar spray increased grain yield by 16% over untreated control plots.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.133-137
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• 1969

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum row width and plant spacing within row under the tropical environment for a leading soybean variety Palmetto and it was carried out at Eakmat Experiment Station in Vietnam. The experiments were arranged in a split plot design with four replications and the test was repeated twice in two years. Variations for seed yield due to the distance between rows were significant at 1 per cent level in 1967 test(dry season growing) and at 5 per cent level in 1968 test. Significant differences for plant height, lodging, maturity, number of branches per plant, and number of pods per plant due to the row width were not found in both tests, while significant differences in difference spacing within row was found in all traits studied. Interaction between width of row and spacing within row for seed yield and plant height were found at five percent level in 1967 test. These results indicate that close planting may increase in seed yield and plant height in both seasons, and decrease in loadging. From these studies, one could be understood that the plant population, particularly in dry season, plays decisive roles on seed yield in soybean culture, and the maximum plant height and minimum value of lodging index were also observed in closest spacing plots. The highest soybean yield in late planting would be expected by a combinations of 30 cm(between rows)${\times}$5cm(between hills) plot, while 40cm ${\times}$ 5cm planting method would be suggested for rainy season growing. Highest seed yield was obtained at closet spacing in both dry and rainy season, and these results led to drilling method in seeding where about 20 seeds per meter of row could be recommended. Besides the seed yield, the close planting may produce some advantages, such as increase plant height and decrease lodging, weeds and erosion of surface soil.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2022

Hymenodictyon orixensis (Roxb.) Mabberley (locally known as Bhutum in Bangladesh) is both an ecologically and economically valuable multipurpose tree species for afforestation and reforestation programs in Bangladesh. Seed germination and seedling development study of H. orixense were conducted to find out the response to different growing medium, e.g., polybag (15×10 cm (T₀) and 20×15 cm (T₁)), sand medium in propagator house (T₂), conventional nursery bed (T₃), and root trainer (T₄) in the Nursery. Consequently, germination behavior and seedling morphological parameters of H. orixense were assessed. The results revealed that the sand medium of the propagator house (T₂) provided the highest germination % (58.57±22.30) and the highest germination energy (11.43±2.43) followed by seedlings growing in 20×15 cm polybags (T1) containing forest topsoil and cow-dung at a ratio of 3:1. Except for germination energy, germination values, and germination capacity, other seed biology parameters, particularly imbibition, germination period, germination rate, and plant survival percent in T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ were significantly (p<0.05) different from T₀. Each phenotypic parameter of seedlings and dry matter of shoot and root significantly differed from control except root length (p<0.992). Based on this study, Polybags of 20×15 cm size are regarded as the best medium for quality seedling development of H. orixense. The nursery bed (T₃) had the lowest germination performance and developed more inferior quality seedlings. Thereby, 20×15 cm size of polybags with conventional soil and cow-dung media is recommended for maximum germination and to grow the quality seedlings of H. orixense in the Nursery.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Seed characteristics-weight, seed length and width, pure seed percentage are measured on 15 native herb species, and seeds of six native herb species were tested on the seedbed in the forest with autumn seeding. Seeds of 13 species including Aster scaber were very small; seed length is less than 7mm and seed width is less than 3mm pure seed percentages of 10 native herb speciesin-cluding Ligularia fischeriwere were much lower than 5％. Germination percent of five native herb species were significantly different among the growing sites. The mean germination percent was highest 47.00％ for Angelica gigas, 38.25％ for Ligularia fischeri, 30.88％ for PimPinella brachycarpa, 15.75％ for Aralia continetalis, 10.00％ for Cirsium setidens, and the lowest 9.32％ for Aster scaber.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.79-91
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• 2008

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated with different experiments. An alternative environment condition requiring for a CB germination test by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the Experiment I, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$(ISTA conditions). Experiment II was conducted under a room temperature condition of 5 to $25^{\circ}C$(natural conditions). In each experiment, data such as seed germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time were measured. Significant differences were observed in seed germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time. Seed germinating vigor was variable with different environments and varieties. It was 61.50 to 98.25% under ISTA conditions and 55.00 to 98.50% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics among CB varieties according to different conditions. Early germination characteristics indicated that all varieties were 1 to 4 days faster in germination under ISTA conditions, when compared with natural conditions. The germination speed, measured as days to seed germination of 70% and 90%, was much faster with Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross under ISTA conditions. But it was even faster with L-93 and Penncross when grown under natural conditions. Differences were also observed in germination peak time with varieties and growing conditions. It was 0.57 to 2.86 days under ISTA conditions and 0.74 to 1.74 days under natural conditions. Regardless of the environment conditions, the shortest variety was L-93 and the longest one T-1. Considering germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time, Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions in terms of early establishment characteristics, while L-93, Penn A-1 and Penncross under natural conditions. These results suggest that an intensive germination test be needed prior to planting, for the early germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time. Also, a proper variety selection and comprehensive site analysis for the growing environmental conditions should be done before golf course construction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.102-105
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• 2002

Seventy-two crossbred pigs weighing an average of 41.5 kg were assigned on the basis of sex, weight and litter to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments${\times}$2 sexes) arrangement. The control diet was based on barley and soybean meal while the experimental treatments consisted of diets in which a portion of the dietary protein was supplied by 20% of a 50:50 blend of extruded ($130^{\circ}C$ for 20 to 25 sec) peas and full-fat canola seed, 20% of a 50:50 blend of unextruded peas and full-fat canola seed or a diet containing 10% peas, 6% canola meal and 4% canola oil (to equal the level of canola oil provided by 10% whole canola seed). Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were significantly higher (p<0.05) for the control diet than for the other three diets. Extrusion produced no beneficial effects (p>0.05) on nutrient digestibility and there were no differences in digestibility between the diet based on intact canola seed compared with the diet containing canola meal and oil. Choice of protein supplement had no significant effects on gain, feed intake or feed conversion during the grower or finisher phases and over the entire experimental period. Extrusion of the pea-canola blend produced no beneficial effects on pig performance as the performance of pigs fed either the extruded or unextruded blend of peas and canola seed was similar. In addition, the performance of pigs fed diets containing intact canola seed was similar to that of pigs fed canola meal and oil. Castrates gained faster and consumed more feed than gilts (p<0.05). However, their feed conversion was poorer than that of the gilts during the finisher period. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed the control and any of the experimental treatments. Extrusion had no effect on carcass traits and the carcasses of pigs fed canola meal and oil did not differ from those of pigs fed whole canola seed. Castrates had a significantly lower dressing percentage, lower estimated lean yield but greater loin fat depth than gilts (p<0.05). The results of this experiment indicate that peas in combination with canola seed or canola meal are an acceptable alternative to soybean meal as a protein supplement for use in growing-finishing swine diets. Extrusion did not appear to have any beneficial effects on the nutritional value of the canola seed-pea blend as nutrient digestibility, growth performance and carcass traits were similar for pigs fed the unextruded blend of peas and canola seed compared with the extruded product. Since the process adds to the cost of the raw products, its use is unlikely to be economical.