• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.171-209
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• 2008

The Great Depression is one of the most important economic incidents in the twentieth century. A significant and long-lasting impact of this event is the rise of the government intervention to the economy. Under the catastrophic downturn of the economic condition worldwide, people required their government to play an active role for economic recovery, and this $mentalit{\acute{e}}$ prolonged even after the Second World War. Social science textbooks taught at Korean high schools mostly referred to the Great Depression for explaining the reason of government intervention in economy. However, the mainstream view commonly found in the textbooks provides a misleading theological interpretation. It argues that inherent flaws of the market economy causes over-production/under-consumption, and that this mismatch ends up with economic crisis. The chaotic situation was resolved by substitution of the governments for the market, and the New Deal was introduced as the monumental example ('laissez-faire economy ${\rightarrow}$over-production${\rightarrow}$the Great Depression${\rightarrow}$government intervention${\rightarrow}$economic recovery'). Based on economic historians' researches for past three decades, I argue that this mainstream view commits the fallacy of ex-post justification. Unlike what the mainstream view claims, the Great Depression was neither the result of the 'market failure', nor the recovery from the Great Depression but was due to successful government policies. For substantiating this claim, I suggest three points. First, blaming the weakness or instability of the market economy as the cause of the Great Depression is groundless. Unlike what the textbooks describe, the rise of the U.S. stock price during the 1920s cannot be said as a bubble, and there was no sign of under-consumption during the 1920s. On the contrary, a new consensus emerging from the 1980s among economic historians illustrates that the Great Depression was originated from 'the government failure' rather than from the 'market failure'. Policymakers of European countries tried to return to the gold standard regime before the First World War, but discrepancies between this policy and the reality made the world economy vulnerable. Second, the mainstream view identifies the New Deal as Keynesian interventionism and glorifies it for saving the U.S. economy from the crisis. However, this argument is not true. The New Deal was not Keynesian at all. What the U.S. government actually tried was not macroeconomic stabilization but price and quantity control. In addition, New Deal did not brought about economic recovery that people generally believe. Even after the New Deal, industrial production or employment level remained quite low until the late 1930s. Lastly, studies on individual New Deal policies show that they did not work as they were intended. For example, the National Industrial Recovery Act increased unemployment, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act expelled tenants from their land. Third, the mainstream view characterizes the economic order before the Great Depression as laissez-faire, and it tends to attribute all the vice during the Industrial Revolution era to the uncontrolled market economy. However, historical studies show that various economic and social problems of the Industrial Revolution period such as inequality problems, child labor, or environmental problems cannot be simply ascribed to the problems of the market economy. In conclusion, the remedy for all these problems in high school textbooks is not to use the Great Depression as an example showing the weakness of the market economy. The Great Depression should be introduced simply as a historical momentum that had initiated the growth of government intervention. This reform of high school textbooks is imperative for enhancing the right understanding of economy and history.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study is to provide reference to functional level of sensory integration of in the low-grads school age, based on the Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS) and to examine correlation between the function of sensory integration and academic achievement. Method : Two schools ("J" and "S") have been selected indiscriminately among 56 elementary schools located in Gimhae-si, GyeongNam and then one class from each school was voluntarily chosen among all second-grade classes of the schools. The total number of students in those two classes was 69 (34 boys and 35 girls). Subjects had no developmental problem and no history of referral regarding neurological conditions. Three skilled researchers administrated the COMPS together, and each researcher executed two sub-items of the COMPS. As result of the academic achievement, score data of midterm- and final-exam in the spring semester were collected. The scores of 'Korean language' and 'Math', common examination subjects in both schools, were utilized for data analysis in this study. Results : Statically, there was no significant correlation between the COMPS Weighted Scores and any academic achievements. In a dispersion graphic analysis, however, the total achievement showed significant negative-correlation with the area of 'Rapid Forearm Rotation' and significant positive-correlation with the area of 'Supine Flexion'. In terms of the Math achievement, there are significant negative-correlation with rapid forearm rotation and asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, and significant positive-correlation with the area of 'Supine Flexion'. Students with higher score of the Korean language showed a tendency to get higher Weighted Score and Minus Adjustment Score, and those with lower score of the Math showed a tendency to get higher COMPS scores in all area except the area of 'Supine Flexion'. There was a statically significant difference in the COMPS scores depend on the age among general characteristics. As student older, all COMPS scores, except those in the area of 'Slow Motion' and 'Supine Flexion, were higher. Conclusions : There is somehow reliable correlation between sensory integration function and academic achievement although no statistical significance found in this study. The information from this study may contribute to initiate developing a normative-reference to screen earlier and more alertly sensory integration dysfunctions for school-age children. Further study is recommended trying to find out more reliable matter regarding low grade- schooler's academic achievement.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.6
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• pp.291-326
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• 2003

The first, Improvement of education training condition Education training is influenced by facilities, environment around. according to questionnaire, it is very poor, we should set up a training institute as soon as possible. The second, Improvement of education training contents In working as special guard, they do not feel the need of curriculums like bayonet fencing, criminal law, and so on. accordingly we should adjust the contents of educaton training. The third, Improvement of education training course People were satisfied with the contents of lectures and educator more than half to some degree, but there was a question of time, communication, contents. we should try to remedy things like this. The fourth, Adjustment of education training time The 60% people of all were not satisfied with the time of education training about new duty. we need to intensify and oversee a duty training and the restructure of training time. The fifth, Fairness of valuation reward and punishment in education training The 80% people of all had the bad feeling against reward and punishment, so we tried to let fairness of valuation, reward and punishment completed by educational institution. The sixth, Establishment of the institution for special guard special guard have to be raised by special institution, but lacking of educational program, educational facility, educational Environment, university took the place of government as institution in raising special guard, education still leave much to be desired. so to develop the industry of a civil security, government or a guard association will set up the school of training, education, system about civil security as a whole. The seventh, Improvement of education training form People have to be taught for 80 hours in education training. according to questionnaire, over 75%people wanted to lodge at education accommodation, so in doing education training, we need to improve a system and form. The eighth, Operation of education training suitable for a characteristic in jobs In the education of 80 hours, common courses will need to be carried out together, depending on class, the object of national facility, inspection and practice will need to be done. maybe this can be the improvement of growing up education training. In the result of the study, we need to build up the satisfaction of education training through a lot of opinion like program, system, circumstances. Keep in mind that the paper was a few of problems because of the limit of the survey of 132 peoples, accordingly we try to collect a survey related with this around country. especially this will need to be asked for harmony between the law and the background of system. in the future, to develop the special guard service, increase the demand of this service, have to raised the expert and the special guard service has to enlarge.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to examine the diagnostic profiles and related clinical variables of children with attention and hyperactivity in psychiatric outpatient clinic. Seventy one children with age range of 5 to 14 were diagnosed by DSM-IV, and assessment battery including KEDI-WISC, KPI-C, ADS(ADHD Diagnostic System) were completed. The subjects were divided into 3 diagnostic groups：ADHD only(n=17), ADHD comorbid(n=27), Other diagnosis(n=27). The results were as follows：In ADHD comorbid group, tic disorder, developmental language disorder, borderline intellectual function, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and learning disorder were combined in descending order. Other diagnosis group consisted of tic disorder, borderline intellectual function, depression/anxiety, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and others. There were significant differences in IQ, PIQ, and VIQ among the three groups, and ADHD only group showed higher scores of IQ and VIQ than ADHD comorbid group. On the KPI-C, there were no significant differences in all subscales among the three groups. On the visual ADS, omission error and sensitivity showed significant differences among the three groups, and ADHD comorbid group represented higher omission error and lower sensitivity than other diagnostic group. The findings indicated that the inattention and hyperactivity symptoms could be diagnosed into diverse psychiatric disorders in child psychiatry, and ADHD children with comorbidity will show more problems in academic performance and school adjustment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2016

Background: Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization to staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) has been recently considered to be related to allergic disease, including asthma. Despite studies on specific IgE (sIgE) to SE and its relationship to asthma diagnosis and severity, the association of sIgE to SE with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) remains unclear. Methods: We enrolled 81 asthma patients admitted to the Severance Hospital in Korea from March 1, 2013, to February 28, 2015 and retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of the enrolled subjects. The serum levels of sIgE to SE (A/B) of all subjects was measured using the ImmunoCAP 250 (Phadia) system with SE-sIgE positive defined as >0.10 kU/mL. Results: The SE-sIgE level was not significantly correlated with asthma severity (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [$FEV_1$], $FEV_1$/forced vital capacity, sputum eosinophils, and serum eosinophils), whereas the SE-sIgE level in patients with positive AHR ($mean{\pm}standard$ error of the mean, $0.606{\pm}0.273kU/mL$) was significantly higher than that in patients with negative AHR ($0.062{\pm}0.015kU/mL$, p=0.034). In regression analysis, SE sensitization (sIgE to SE ${\geq}0.010kU/mL$) was a significant risk factor for AHR, after adjustment for age, sex, $FEV_1$, and sputum eosinophils (odds ratio, 7.090; 95% confidence interval, 1.180-42.600; p=0.032). Prevalence of SE sensitization was higher in patients with allergic rhinitis and non-atopic asthma patients, as compared to patients without allergic rhinitis and atopic asthma patients, respectively, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: SE sensitization is significantly associated with AHR.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2016

In semi-transverse ventilation system applied for road tunnel, adjustment of the port opening ratio is an essential part for uniform airflow rate per unit length over the entire tunnel. However, it has not been considered decently throughout the design process and operating of the tunnel. Therefore, in this study, we developed a program for the calculation of the opening size ratio of supply or exhaust port in transverse ventilation system and carried out the research to present a management plan for the port. In supply duct system, the opening size of the port had a tendency to increase and then decrease later when it gradually becomes closer toward the bulkhead at the beginning of the duct the minimum opening degree is to appeared as 56%. In the exhaust system, port size is the smallest at the beginning of duct as 15%, has shown a tendency to increase towards the bulk head. As results of estimating the air flow rate for 300 m intervals, the exhaust flow rate in the center of tunnel appeared to be extremely low as 8.1% and 12.5% when port size is constant and is adjusted supply type. Thus, even if the normal ventilation efficiency is declines, yet it is highly recommend adjusting the port size in order to obtain a uniform flow rate at fire accidents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.324-333
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the effect of bone demineralization and tibia lead on blood lead in retired lead workers. Two hundred thirty five(126 females and 109 males) retired lead workers who worked in 4 different lead factories and 101 non-occupationally lead exposed subjects(51 females and 51 males) were recruited from March 2004 to October 2004. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured at left calcaneous bone area by broadband ultrasound attenuation(BUA) method with QUS-2(Metra Biosystems Inc, USA). The BUA value transformed into T-score by WHO standard conversion criteria. Tibia bone lead was measured for skeletal bone lead with K-xray fluorescence(K-XRF) and blood lead was analyzed with flameless atomic spectrophotometer. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum calcium and iron were also analyzed. In addition, information for smoking and drinking status and basic personal data such as age, gender and lead exposure were also collected using questionnaire inquiry. Blood lead was correlated with tibia lead (r=0.664) and these two variables were negatively correlated with BMD in bivariate analysis. BMD showed significant main effect on the change of blood lead independent to tibia lead without any effect modification of age or gender; the one T-score unit decrease of mineral bone density made $0.43{\mu}g/dl$ increase of blood lead. On the other hand, tibia lead showed effect modification with gender on blood lead; the slope of tibia lead on blood lead in male was steeper than in female and crossed at around zero of tibia lead. In the multiple regression analysis of blood lead and tibia lead on BMD after adjustment of related covariates, only blood lead showed statistically significant effect on BMD. This study confirmed that BMD and blood lead were significantly associated. To verify the causal association of BMD on blood lead and vice versa, further longitudinal studies are needed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.276-282
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• 1989

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of changes in maternal age and parity distribution on birth weight. The study population included 7,786 single live births in 1977 and 8,671 single live births in 1987 delivered at 9 medical facilities in Pusan. Data were obtained from the delivery record. The proportion of infants born to the mothers of 25-29 years increased from 56.475 in 1977 to 65.1% in 1987 and the proportion to the mothers of 30-34 years increased from 18.8% in 1977 to 21.6% in 1987. In the same period, the proportions of 1st and 2nd birth order were increased from 56.9% and 28.8% to 59.9% and 36.8%, respectively. The proportion of infants born to the age group of ${\leq}24\;and\;35{\leq}$ years were decreased in 1987. The proportion of births of the third or higher birth order was decreased from 14.2% in 1977 to 3.3% in 1987. Low birth weight (<2500gm) incidence rate was 5.3% in 1977 and it was decreased to 4.0% in 1987. It was estimated that changes in maternal age-parity distribution accounted for 10.7% of the decreased in low birth weight incidence rate. Rest of the change (89.3%) was attributed to the reduction of age-parity specific low birth weight incidence rate. Application of the direct adjustment method was considered to be an adequate tool for evaluating the impact of family planning on neonatal health.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.58-66
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• 1980

A survey was conducted to investigate the power tiller accidents. Eight provinces were covered for this study, and 278 power tiller owners were selected randomly by computer random generator. The results are summarized as follows : A. Frequency of accident. (1) Each power tiller had an accident 0.98 times a year and once every 361 hours of use. Higher frequency of accident was found during the miscellaneous operations including the preparation for farming operation, and there was one accident for every 92 hours of use. (2) The power tiller, which are more than six years old, met an accident 1.19 times a year , or one every 311 hours of use. This value was the highest one compared with any other group. (3) Kerosene engine power tillers met an accident 0.97 times a year, or one every 389 hours of use. It was one tie a year, or once every 329 hours of use for diesel engine power tillers. (4) Among diesel-engine power tillers, 10 horse-power group showed a higher frequency tillers. B. Cause of accident (1) The accidents of power tiller were mainly of sefety , which occurred due to the lack of attention during the operation and 47.4% of the total accidents. The next was of accidental, which represented 26.3% of the total accidents. (2) High percentage of safety accidents occurred during the preparation for farming operation including adjustment. Most of the accidental accidents occurred during the transportation. (3) Lower frequency of accident was found in the power tiller group which were operated by the 21-40 years old operator in comparison with that of the power tiller which was operated by other age group. Power tillers which were operated by high school graduates experienced less accidents compared to other education levels. C. Damage by accident (1) Eighty seven pescents of the total accidents caused damage to the power tiller operator , and 13 % of the total accidents caused property damage only. (2) With regard to the damage to the power tiller operator, 73.8% of the total accidents caused light injury but 26.3% caused heavy injury. (3) Accidents which occurred during machine preparation , and farming operations caused minor injury to the operator, but the accidents during transportation caused heavy injury which cost more than 15 days for recovery. (4) Among the 39 accidents , which caused property damage 18 accidents were from the transportation . Among the total property damage accidents 53.8% were light one which cost only less than 1,000 won. (5) The property damage from each accident cost 1,017 won, on the average, with regard to the kinds of operation, the highest property damage occurred during transportation work, with the value of 2, 965won.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.146-161
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• 1996

This study was purposed to find health promotion and care needs of the elderly in rural area of Korea. As the rural elderly are limited in accessibility to health care resources and could not immediately solve their health care needs when they need. health promotion and care services are expected to bring better and more practical solutions of their health care needs. Thus, the type of health care services to be developed in Korea rural area is discussed to have emphasis on health care service component in addition to health promoting components. Methods of this study was based on survey data analysis : total 322 persons aged older than 55 living at one 'Kun' in Korea administrative unit were interviewed by health workers working at the region and also get trained for this study data collection. The data collection interview was continued from February till May in 1996. The interview questions were modified with adjustment to Korea situation. with basis of the WHO's health promotion program components. The collected data were analyzed using SAS program for frequency, correlation, regressions. The major findings were as follows : (1) $74.8\%$ of the surveyed were sick at the survey time point. and $95.9\%$ known the diagnosis name of the disease. The most frequently complained diseases were Muscular-Skeletal diseases $(43.7\%)$. $34\%$ of those sick had never treated or discontinued therapeutic procedures. so that shown the necessity of systematic and usual health care services with health promotion program development for the elderly. (2) The percent of those who make social participation was $95.3\%$. and the activities were visiting neighbors $(70.4\%)$ and lack of qualified social activity programs. (3) $78.1\%$ of the surveyed had health counseling and education from professional health workers. Those ceased smoking and drinking were $59.6\%,\; 60.3\%$. respectively. Those had no application of therapeutic drugs or nutrion supplements was $40.7\%\;and\;94.1\%$ had regular meals. Those practiced exercises was low remarking $17.7\%$. (4) Positive health behaviors were better carried out by sick groups than by the healthier. except smoking. regular meals. and exercise. $17.5\%$ of sick group smoke more than one case of cigarettes. in contrast to $9.5\%$ of the healthier. (5) Mental health status was heathier among positive health behavior earners. Health counseling and education shown better score of mental health than those never counseled. (6) Positive health behavior practice frequency did not show significant differences when crossed by social activity participation status. (7) Health behaviors of the rural elderly people were carried out better when they had positive 'continuency in therapeutic procedure' 'health status'. 'familial relationship'. 'Health Status' of the rural olderly were explained by 'exercise'. 'drinking'. 'familial relationship'. 'activities of daily living'. Thus, health behaviors practice mutually interact with health status. In conclusion. the health promotion and care program component are recommended to include ation on the necessity of positive health promotion active social acitivities. pleasant life style, adaption into changes on the elderly, safety in residential area. community acitivity and resource utilization. etc .. in addition to the elderly's disability and sickness caring services.