• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 2009

This research covers the ways in which typography, which has been expressed in a diverse range of fields and changed communication functions from the era of reading to the era of feeling according to the change in the times and social demands, has been represented in modem fashion, along with examining its inherent aesthetic characteristics. I reviewed the general information of typography's fundamental notions and functions through documented records, and analyzed the inherent aesthetic characteristics by examining the typographical patterns shown in modem fashion based on art works in domestic and international collections after 2000. The result of this research is that typography in modem fashion has been used for improving brand image, expressing social slogans, expressing images, linguistic function for playful expression and the interdependent relationships of modeling functions. Typography in modem fashion has always been diversely expressed harmoniously with linguistic and modeling functions. Through this, the aesthetic characteristics were firstly parodies through direct sentences addressing political and social ideologies, economic gaps, environmental issues and anti-war protests. Secondly, by using brand logos, typography was used as a commercial means like brand-image transfer and separation through customization of other brands. Thirdly, the aesthetic and artistic value of fashion were expressed after being used as experimental visual components like image, motive and patterns which are all elements of fashion design. Fourthly, by distortion and transformation of characters or childish decorations, along with the harmonization of words, cathartic humor was provided for the calloused senses of modern people.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.91-112
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• 2009

Referring to John Irving's 2001 published fiction The Fourth Hand, the publisher commented, "It seems, at first, to be a comedy, perhaps a satire, almost certainly a sexual farce. Yet, in the end, it is as realistic and emotionally moving as any of Mr. Irving's previous novels." In his early six novels, John Irving shows the world suffused with grief and deception. But his novels finally turn out also as a comic and robust novel. The writer's success in achieving this thick description of the contradictory modern world is largely due to his development of the idea of the flawed hero. Despite loss, sadness and abandonment, Irving's heroes maintain classical heroic traits such as intelligence, tenderness, protectiveness, strength, bravery, sense of humor, independence, attractiveness. In this article, I tried to emphasize these graces potent in Irving's heroes as the most attractive and influential device for the writer's consistent popularity among the general public. The cinematization of his four fictions attest to audience's sympathy toward rewarding vulnerability and truthful exaggeration in the depiction of Irving's heroes. By taking full responsibility for their own fate despite having the flaws, Irving's protagonists still appeal to many readers as heroes resilient in a modern chaotic world without losing their graces.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.285-289
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• 2006

Currently, a cartoon is generally used for a term implying a short cut strip based on satire and humor in Korea. Today, the way of expressing a cartoon includes the active utilization of expressive ways through digital medium as well as traditional methods, and the introduction of oriental feelings or an engraving which is a technique used in fine art. Also, there is a three-dimensional cartoon utilizing objets such as cup and handbag. This study was conducted on assumption that the area of a cartoon may be extendable with a three-dimensional technique added with a tactual sense. Also, this thesis is aimed to identify the possibilities of the industrialization of cartoon contents and of becoming an edutainment (education + entertainment) through a new cartoon technique, and to prepare the basis for scientific research necessary for extending the domain of a cartoon.

• Iberoamérica
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.25-52
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• 2019

Esperpento denotes a literary style in Spanish literature first established by Spanish author Ramón María del Valle Inclán that uses distorted descriptions of reality in order to criticize society. And esperpento's narrative strategy is similar in many ways to Mikhail Bakhtin's carnivalism. Especially Valle Inclán's first esperpentic theatre, Luces de Bohemia contained various carnivalistic elements of Bakhtin. The various techniques of Valle Inclán's esperpento used in Luces de Bohemia can be explained by Bachchin's carnivalist techniques. Therefore, this paper aims to re-examine the esperpentic techniques in Luces de Bohemia of Valle Inclán in terms of Bakhchin's carnivalism. Because the esperpentic tecniques of this play pursue the subversion of power or authority through the carnivalistic aspects such as polyphony, subversion of seriousness, parody, grotesque realism, plaza, ambivalence, anomalous structure of space, time and plot, etc. Esperpento and carnivalism serve as a tool to interpret the social reality, beyond criticism and satire of Spanish society. The characters act passively on all the external factors that determine human destiny, rather than actively carving their own destiny like the classic heroes. Modern man cannot defy or control the external situation of the modern civilization. So they are tragic. In this situation, the protagonist of the tragedy who challenges reality disappears and a puppet figure like Max Estrella, the protagonist of the Luces de Bohemia, takes his place on a satirical level. This is the satire and the true meaning of carnivalistic humor that Valle Inclán tried in his play.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.29-42
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• 2021

This study is about the development of hybrid bag designs using folk paintings and the paintings of Pieter Brueghel. For the development of design, the study examined the periodical, ideological background, aesthetic characteristics, composition and themes of folk paintings, and Brueghel's paintings. Through a literature review, many similarities were found between folk paintings and Brueghel's paintings, such as symbolism and humor, which are aesthetic characteristics of folk paintings, and the use of stories, myths, folktales, or satire with a background of nature. In addition, hybrid fashions made by mixing conflicting elements, such as East and West, men and women, and rich and poor are attracting attention. However, the development of hybrid fashion designs of Korean folk paintings and Western paintings are rare. So, folktale characters were produced on Korean folktales. The deer expressed in the Bible Agatha, the tiger in from a Korean folktale, magpies are symbols of longevity. The folk painting characters described above, and the folk paintings of Peter Bruegel were fused and reconstructed. The bag designs were developed based on this fused and reconstructed work. The significance of this study is to expand folk paintings that reflect Korea's representative thoughts and lifestyles through the fusion of various motifs and Western paintings, and to present folk paintings as a medium that can inherit Korean beauty and inform the world.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.670-686
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to delineate and analyze the expression of the kidult and its characteristics and thereby provide data to be used for fashion design in various manners as well as to suggest creative and varied possibilities of fashion design. As a way to study, the author of this paper organized the general terms, concepts and definitions concerning the kidult in the previous papers and journals. The data was collected from the collections represent the characteristics of kidult especially from 2006 to 2015. The results are as follows: Firstly, The characters stimulating the innocence of children were used the most for infantile expression. Parody used characters in the movie or famous logos. Deformation was used to create designs by way of distortion and deformation. Exaggeration thereby showing visually strong impression and inducing surprise and unexpectedness. Depaysement was useful to let us describe concepts and enhance our infinite creativity and interests about objects using surrealistic. Secondly, Infantile characteristics used the images of toys with infantile imagination and sense of humor. Fantasy introduced objects or expressed a dream-like feeling. Unexpectedness used two-faced ideas or conflicting ideas to express conflicts, collision and an interchange with heterogeneous things, avoiding the limit of size and the simplicity of materials. Parody used jocular expressions, satire and ironic expressions to express the original image in a fun manner. Exaggeration transformed changed the structure to restructure objects in a subjective and creative manner, thereby expressing creative patterns using various subject matters by way of special modeling or distortion and transformation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.14-28
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• 2013

This study aims to identify the elements of black culture and use it to analyze the formative characteristics of casual fashion items as well as the symbolic meanings presented in the graphic designs of the items. First of all, in order to distinguish the identity of black culture, this study made a division into racial, social, and artistic aspects based on cultural specificities of Stuart Hall, a culture theorist. This was for a theoretical review and based on this review, a theoretical framework was developed to analyze the characteristics of American casual fashion design of black people. The case study selected 1719 fashion images of 137 male brands and 33 female brands from websites of companies manufacturing casual wear of black people in America. The following is a summary of the study results. The conceptual characteristics based on specificities of black culture can be categorized into ten attributes: playfulness in order to digest human grief and emotion positively, satire of the mainstream society, spontaneity through emotional expression from the heart, abstractness of various emotions elating suffering, humor trying to express negative aspects as the meaning of light and innocent laughter, dependence with passive attitudes toward discrimination and master-slave relationships in history, resistance against discrimination and disadvantages, African orientation and primitiveness pursuing natural conditions, aggressiveness against violence and unfair treatment, and confidence and defiance against social deprivation and corruption. Based on the results of an analysis through formative classification system founded on racial, social, and artistic aspects of black people, specificities of black culture are of formative characteristics of their casual fashion design. These elements are presented on graphic t-shirts through strong colors, loose silhouette, and details with many pockets. These characteristics were reflected in symbolic meanings presented in the graphic.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.9
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• pp.266-282
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• 2005

Cartoon & Animated cartoon is consists of imaginal attributes and linguistic attributes, and it is closely connected with humor and satirical contents. And then various expressions using animals as matter communicate satirical attributes of a satire strongly and easily. On this article, techniques of satirical expression using animals in Cartoon & Animated cartoon media are studied and analyzed. By the method, it looks around briefly beginning from primitive cave paintings of the prehistoric age to various contemporary Cartoon & Animated cartoon character industries as historical background of Cartoon & Animated cartoon, and also arranges various types that literary expression and representation for visual expression techniques - metaphorical expressions, emblematic expressions, figure of speech and so forth - on literature. This attempt aims for presenting a basic analysis method that connecting and combining Cartoon & Animated cartoon media with humanistic classification and making database of existing data. These accumulated data will indicate cartoon and the action of meaning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.40
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• pp.151-170
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to examine the value of grotesque fashion and to predict the future fashion trend. The grotesque originates the formative art. It emerges towards of a century or transitional period in most case. In particular, it was used as the expressive method of an individual's inside and a satire on society through the work of artists in the Middle Age, the renaissance, the sym-bolism, the dadaism, the surrealism, the pop art, the technology art, and the post-modernism, etc. The grotesque in fashion is represented in the work of avant-garde fashion designers who lead the high fashion. The grotesque fashion which was combined with an image of non-formality, non-rationality, an absurdity and reality. It has been begun shape of female dress in the renaissance. Afterwards, it was represented in extremely exaggerated and distorted pop art, hippies' fashion in the 1960's. In the 1970's, it was reflected in genderless rock star and destructive punk fashion. It was also represented in the androgynous fashion which was combined with both sexes, the goth/gothic fashion which was expressed with a realistic and fanciful shape and the tattoo of skin-head in the 1980's. In the 1990's, the grungy look which was dirty and the cyber punk fashion. In general, it was also expressed by the avant-garde fashion designers. To sum up, a grotesque fashion which is expressed by experimental designers is classified into four shapes. 1, Union of some extraneous is expressed as different kinds of fashion theme, such as abnormality of texture, uses of surrealistic elements and chaos of sex. Although it appears that the abnormal union of grotesque has only discord and collision, it also shows a feeling of freedom for the tension. 2. Introduction of real and fanciful image is expressed as a cyborg, realistic description of disgusting animal skin and aggressive shape. Especially, it is worth while to notice Tierre Mugler and Alexander Macqueen's work which expressed the shape of mingling human of Middle Age. 3. distortion or exaggeration is expressed as an unformed shape, the exaggeration of a clothing size, the abnormal exaggeration of human body and the ignorance of clothing form. 4. Introduction of a disgusting image is expressed as an extremity of reality, motifs of death, clothing material of disgusting hair and the ostentation of sex. Motto which leads modern fashion is something new and shocking. The grotesque fashion is an expression of eagerness for something new. It often show something ironic in the form of humor which is embedded in an abnormal and shocking pattern. The grotesque fashion is represented as an extreme beauty. It will stand as an important element of the future fashion and as a particular style with the change and fluidity.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.42
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• pp.117-150
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• 2015

English sijo is the sijo poems written in English. This paper considered English sijo especially in association with its wit. In English-speaking countries, wit has been often emphasized as one of the main characteristics of the sijo genre, and it is often found in many English sijo poems. As a critical term, wit indicates a kind of "concord of discord", which consists of dissimilar images, paradox, irony, etc. This paper investigated how English sijo embodied this kind of critical wit and created three kinds of delight; those are intelligent, sarcastic, and humorous one. First, I examined old Korean sijo poems and the wit embedded in them, and then I compared them to the case of English sijo. Sijo was received in English-speaking countries in the context of the literary genre tradition such as the epigram and the sonnet, and of the literary concepts such as irony and wit. In this context, sijo, which has a three-divided semantic structure and a twist in the last part, often containing irony and wit, could be received and composed without much difficulty in Englih-speaking countries. Many English sijo poems contain wit, and they make abundant delight, which is intelligent, sarcastic, or humorous. Wit is found in Korean old sijo too, but the wit that catches humorous moments variously in everyday lives, rather than show acid sarcasm or exaggerated comic scene, is a remarkable characteristic of the English sijo. English sijo presents the possibility of the sijo genre as the poetry of everyday life, which presents various aspects of daily lives in a warm and delightful perspective.