• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.602-612
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• 2010

본 연구는 부산시내 제과제빵 관련업계 종사자들을 대상으로 조사한 설문지 186부를 분석하여 현재 제과제빵종사자들에 대한 위생교육 실태와 제과제빵 위생요인의 중요도와 수행도에 대한 그들의 평가수준과 그 차이를 비교함으로써 제조 공정이나 특성이 다양한 제과제빵 분야에 적용할 수 있는 체계적인 위생관리의 도입과 종사자들의 효율적인 교육을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 제과제빵종사자들은 위생교육을 받은 적이 없는 종사자가 20.4%나 되었으며 주기적으로 받고 있는 종사자는 32.8% 정도였다. 위생교육이 주기적으로 이루어질수록 베이커리 현장에서 위생교육의 내용이 유의적인 차이를 나타내며(p<0.05) 잘 적용되고 있었고 위생교육의 내용을 적용 못하는 이유로는 '시설설비부족'을 가장 크게 생각하고 있었다. 중요도 평가를 분석한 결과 제과제빵종사자들은 경력이 오래될수록 위생요인들에 대하여 중요하게 생각하는 경향을 나타내었는데 특히 검수위생과(p<0.05) 저장위생(p<0.01) 요인에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내었으며 최고경영자의 중요도 점수가 검수위생(p<0.05), 저장위생(p<0.01), 전처리위생(p<0.05), 제조위생(p<0.05) 요인에서 기술자나 보조기술자들의 점수보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 수행도 평가에서도 경력이 많은 제과제빵종사자가 경력이 적은 종사자보다 검수위생과 저장위생 요인의 수행도를 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보이며 높게 평가하고 있었다. 위생교육경험에 따른 분석에서는 7가지 위생요인 모두에서 위생관리를 받은 종사자가 받지 않은 종사자보다 수행도를 높이 평가하고 있었는데 그중 검수위생과 전처리위생, 분배위생 요인에 대해 주기적으로 위생교육을 받은 종사자의 수행도 점수가 위생교육 경험이 없는 종사자의 수행도 점수보다 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보이며 높았다. 제과제빵 위생요인의 중요도와 수행도의 전체 평균은 4.05/5.00, 3.76/5.00이었으며 개인위생 요인의 중요도와 수행도 점수가 가장 높았다. 제과제빵종사자들이 평가하고 있는 중요도와 수행도의 평균 갭지수는 -0.30으로 그들이 중요하다고 인지하는 만큼 실제 현장에서는 수행이 잘 되지 않는 것으로 생각하고 있었다. 제과제빵종사자의 중요도와 수행도의 격자도 분석 결과 '신규 품목/업체 선정 시 시험 성적서와 원산지 증명서 확인', '검수 시 냉장 냉동식품 온도 확인', '외포장 제거 후 위생용기에 담아 냉장·냉동고 보관', '창고의 적절한 온도, 수분, 통풍이 잘 되도록 유지', '식자재의 전처리 시간과 제과제빵 공정시간의 구분', '전용 칼, 도마의 분리 사용', '제품판매 시 소비자에게 취식완료시간 알림', '적절한 위치에 세면대 구비'의 항목들은 중요도와 수행도가 모두 낮았으므로 특히 검토 후 인식의 전환과 적극적인 직무수행을 유도할 수 있도록 집중 관리되어야 하며 위생교육 시 이항목들에 대한 강조가 필요하다. 제과제빵종사자들의 모든 위생요인의 중요도와 수행도 간에는 상관계수 0.6 이상의 높은 유의적인(p<0.01) 양(+)의 상관관계를 나타내었으므로 제과제빵종사자들의 위생관리에 대한 중요도 인식의 향상을 통해 수행의지를 유도함이 중요하다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2010

School lunch programs at middle schools have increased in quantity. However, the quality of them is in fact not enough to reach the satisfactory standard, especially in the aspect of environment of school meals. It is true that there seems to be little attention to the environment. In this study, degree of satisfaction about school lunch program was surveyed for students in one middle school. Focus of survey was sanitary condition about the dining room and classroom where they have lunch. First, in order to investigate the degree of satisfaction about their dining place, questionnaire was sent out to the students at one middle school in Seoul. Questionnaire was made with reference to previous research. Second, for the study on environmental sanitation, dropping bacteria (general bacteria) is measured in three parts of dining place (entrance, serving table, dining table). Petriplate film was exposed to the responsible places for 15 minutes and then cultivated at the temperature of $32^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours before counting the number of bacteria formed. For the statistical analysis, SPSS 12.0 was used. The results of the study show that students had more satisfaction in dining room service than in classroom service. Important factors for the meal program such as "taste of food", "amount of food per student", "state of keeping warm", "appearance of food", "diversity of menu", and "kindliness of feeding staff" had more points in dining room than in classroom. For the environmental and sanitary aspect, the result of dropping bacteria (general bacteria) in dining room and classroom showed that table (5.00) and fooddistribution corner (8.67) of dining room were cleaner than those of classroom (P < 0.05). Making a good environment for school feeding will have a positive effect on the improvement of satisfaction and sanitation of school feeding. There should be expansion of dining room service for the students.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.576-589
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of school foodservice facilities, utilities and equipment & sanitary education in provinces, This study was carried out from September 2008 until December 2008 and is targeted towards schools' dietitians that work at schools with school foodservice. 1,623 schools participated in this research and Kangwondo, Choongchungdo including the metropolitan area with frequent occurrence of food bone disease were the targets of this research. The regional distribution of this research is as follows; 377 schools in Seoul, 648 schools in Gyeonggido, 160 schools in Kangwondo, 438 schools in Choongchungdo equaling 1,623 schools in total. And out of the total 1,623 schools, 815 (50.2%) were elementary schools and 808 (48.8%) were middle and high schools (p < 0.001). Most of the elementary schools, excluding 4 schools, were self-operated. In the case with middle and high schools, 81.5% (513 schools) were self-operated and 18.4% (295 schools) were contracted. When dealing with the sanitation management of school foodservice in Kangwondo and Seoul, elementary schools were less equipped with equipment and facilities than middle and high schools which proved that they were in need of improvements (p < 0.01). Schools with self-operated foodservice, in particular, were in need of preparation zone improvements. 52.3%~88.0% of stainless equipment such as utensils, spoons/chopsticks, subsidiary food tray, and food trays were sterilized by dryers. Work tables, vegetable slicers, and mincers were chemically sterilized and plastic materials were sterilized by ultraviolet rays. Data from newspapers, Internet and TV are collected beforehand and then an annual hygiene educations plan for employees are put together. Hygiene education for employees are carried out monthly through oral method.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2003

A survey including an inspection was conducted to assess the sanitary condition of kitchens in the school food-service programs and to prepare background data for improving the safety of school meals. The survey was carried out over a two-month period (September-October, 2001). A self-administered questionnaire recommended by the Korea Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development (MOEHRD) was offered to a random sample of dieticians of twenty-five elementary schools in one region of Korea about food, sanitation, and safety inspection of their kitchens. Air temperature, relative humidity, and airborne microbes in the kitchens were monitored during preparation, cooking, and service. The inspection results showed their sanitary rendition met the level B of the recommendation of the Korea MOEHRD. The range of air temperature of the kitchens was 21.4~22.4$^{\circ}C$. and the range of relative humidity was 62.4~69.6%. The microbiological evaluation of kitchen samples indicated aerobic plate count levels from 22..5 to 26.5 CFU/15 minutes. Although the results of inspection show that the levels of sanitary condition of kitchens in the schools were good, they are not satisfactory for safe food-servile because the temperature and humidity levels are high. This study indicates that the school kitchens should be monitored and strict inspection is necessary. The legal standards for school food-service should include standards for kitchen air temperature, relative humidity, and airborne microbes.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the sanitary management status of chlorine sterilization methods used for raw fruits in a school foodservice, and to suggest basic data for sanitary improvements in the quality of raw fruits. A questionnaire form predicated on HACCP standards was developed and utilized for self-reported evaluations of dietitians regarding their sanitary management practices. The subjects consisted of 257 dietitians that were employed in school (elementary middle high school) foodservices. The collected data were analyzed with the SAS package. According to the results of this study, it was deemed necessary that optimized sterilization and washing methods for good microbiological safety and quality of strawberries and bananas in school foodservice should be determined. Some strategies for future improvement were also suggested. They included the following: (1) Improvement of policy for assuring the quality of raw fruits by designing some sanitation standards and specifications for raw fruits; (2) Strengthening the research and accumulation of background data regarding methods for the sanitation of raw fruits; (3) Enforced improvement of personal hygiene for dietitians and employees; (4) Use of a variety of methods in sanitary education and employee training.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consciousness and behavior for environmental problems of university student and the necessity of schooling for environmental education. In order to achieve this purpose, a method of questionnaire was administered to total 1012 students selected from 5 universities in Suwon Si etc.. The results in questionnaire were as follows. Most students responded that living environmental education in middle and high school was helpful(70.4%) in practical living. And the most serious problem of living environmental pollution was water pollution(53.6%), air pollution(19.8%), waste material pollution(15.8%), food additives(7.9%), genetic modified organism(3.0%), respectively. And students obtained most knowledge of living environmental problems in internet(87.0%). Also most students responded that the main source and cause of water pollution and air pollution was industrial waste 63.4%, vehicles 61.5%, respectively. And level of environmental behaviors and consciousness of students distributed by major was science & engineering 2.13/4, etc. 2.08/4, art & athletics 1.6/4, liberal art 1.53/4, respectively. And also most respondents have recognition the necessity of schooling for environmental education.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.227-240
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to assess the hygiene status of 145 child-care foodservices, which were newly registered in the Center for the Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM) in Changwon, Gyeongnam. Sanitary inspection checklist (40 food safety items) of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) was used by the CCFSM in Changwon, Gyeongnam. Average score from the total safety items in 145 child-care foodservices was 21.41 points out of 40 points. Score gaps between the lower group (71 foodservices, 13.92 points) and higher group (74 foodservices, 28.61 points) showed a significant difference (P<0.001). The top five priorities of sanitary measures needing corrective actions for child-care foodservices were as follows: 'provide hand washing and sanitizing tools, and supply manuals on how to wash hands properly', 'supply record form for access/inspection', 'conduct education for cooks on standards in the selection of sanitizer for raw vegetables and proper methods to wash and sanitize raw vegetables', 'provide a refrigerator and a freezer with installed thermometers and temperature record monitoring logs', 'encourage separation of contamination operating zone and clean zone or conduct training for cooks on ways to prevent cross-contamination by performing work separately by the hour'. For the higher group, most were national/public facilities (83.3%), whereas in the lower group, private facilities (62.1%) were more common than national/public ones (37.9%). Therefore, a significant difference (P<0.001) was detected in the two groups. These private facilities should be supported.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.582-594
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• 2008

This study aimed at evaluating current sanitation management performances in Korean-Food restaurants by their operation types and to develop sanitary training posters based on the risk factors, in an attempt to improve the level of sanitation management in Korean food service facilities. Eighteen Korean-food restaurants that are managed by franchisor, franchisees as well as self-managed with large-scale and small-scale restaurants in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do, were evaluated by on-the-spot inspectors with an auditing tool consisting of three dimensions, nine categories and thirty four items. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The total score of each group showed that restaurants managed by franchisees ranked the highest (59 out of 100 points), while self-managed, small-scale restaurants ranked the lowest (44 out of 100 points). In the categorization of sanitation management compliance, the dimensions of food hygiene during production recorded the lowest compliance rate of 47.7% (22.89/48.0 points) followed by the dimension of environmental hygiene 59.3% (20.17/34.0 points) and personal hygiene 60.5% (10.89/18.0 points). This indicated the need for urgent improvement. The items which showed the lowest compliance rates were 'proper thawing of frozen foods' (0%), 'notifying and observing heating/reheating temperature' (6%), 'using of hand-washing facility and proper hand-washing' (33%), 'monitoring temperature of frozen-foods and cold-foods' (35%), and 'prevention of cross-contamination' (36%) among thirty four items. Self-managed, small-scale restaurants, in particular, needed to improve sanitary practices such as 'sanitation education for employee', 'verifying the employee health inspection reports', 'storing food on the shelves 15 cm distance away from the wall', 'suitability of ventilation capacity of hoods' and 'cleanliness of drainage'. On the basis of the findings of this study, we developed sanitary training posters, especially for small-scale restaurant operators. This could be an effective tool to educate food service employees on sanitary knowledge and principles and could be used to improve the existing sanitary conditions in Korean food service facilities.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

The goal of today's environmental education is to enhance the understanding of the serious of environmental problems and the interactions among environment. With this perspectives people need to be aware that environmental education is no longer a liberal arts in university education, but play a vital role within the socio-cultural context. This study was performed to assess the changes in the university student's attitudes and consciousness in real life after the education of a point at issues of environmental problems. For this study 11 questionnaires which were composed of large scale environmental problems(water and air pollution), and small scale environmental problems(food additives, GMO, endocrine disrupter) were performed with self-administered by university students(n=781) who made a application for liberal arts related to environmental subjects. According to the analysis the most student's consciousness of a point at issue of environmental problems(water pollution, air pollution, additives, GMO, endocrine disrupter), and practical attitudes(i.e., practical attendant at congregation and internet voting) were change statistically significant(p<0.01) after the education of a point at issue of environmental problems rather than before. Specially, the score for the item of the large scale problem of environmental issues(water pollution, air pollution) were decreased significantly(p<0.01), but the score for the small scale problems, such as food additives, GMO, endocrine disrupter were increased significantly(p<0.01) after the education of a point at issue of environmental problems(p<0.01). And among the students that participated, 97.7% responded that such a point at issues of environmental problem is needed at the university. With this educational improvements supports the states that the education of a point at issue of environmental problems were more essential, practical and needed to students at university rather than that of an existing instruction. Thus, further studies are required to develop the education of environmental issues at universities like STSE programme.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.36-46
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• 2006

The purpose if this study was to investigate mother' oral health management behavior to their children. Two hundreds sixty seven mothers with elementary school students were surveyed among the residents living of Iksan city, Korea. A questionnaire was constructed and administered to the samples. The research focused in the following items: the subjects' socio-demographic factors such as education level and employment and so on; their knowledge of plaque; the leading causes of caries, regular dental examinations; dental treatment; their interest in their children's dental health; the frequency of the subjects examining their children's teeth; non-cariogenic food preparation, etc. Being based in collected data, mothers' oral health management behavior to their children were analyzed according to maternal socio-demographic factor and result were following. There was a difference in the subjects knowledge of dental plaque in accordance with their employment or unemployment and family income. There was no difference in mother's oral health management behavior to their children according to parents' education level, the subjects' age and family income. Most of mother answered the main reason of dental caries was that their children did not toothbrush their teeth regularly and there was a difference in the understanding of the subjects in accordance with the education level of fathers and family income. The subjects had a low understanding of the effect of preventing caries with the help of fluoride. They didn't have enough understanding of water fluoridation. So it is necessary that active campaigns should be launched to enlighten people in relation to the ways of preventing dental caries with fluoride.