• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2015

The electrochemical behavior of $Nd_2O_3-La_2O_3-NiO$ mixed oxide including rare earth resources has been studied to synthesize $La_{0.5}Nd_{0.5}Ni_5$ alloy in a LiCl molten salt. The $Nd_2O_3-La_2O_3-NiO$ mixed oxide was converted to $NiNd_2O_4$ (spinel) and $LaNiO_3$ (perovskite) structures at a sintering temperature of $1100^{\circ}C$. The spinel and perovskite structures led a speed-up in the electrolytic reduction of the mixed oxide. Various reaction intermediates such as Ni, $NiLa_2O_4$ were observed during the electrochemical reduction by XRD analysis. A possible reaction route to $La_{0.5}Nd_{0.5}Ni_5$ in the LiCl molten salt was proposed based on the analysis result.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.753-760
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various kinds of commercial salts, including Hanju salt, Deep sea water salt, $Salicornia$ $herbacea$ salt, Guwoon salt, Bamboo salt and salt replacement for the reduction of Na concentration in $kimchi$. The fermentative characteristics of these salts were determined during the fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$. $kimchi$ using a salt replacement and with $Salicornia$ $herbacea$ salt showed slow changes in their pH values. The use of salt replacement showed the lowest level(0.97%) of the retardation of $kimchi$ fermentation. For the preparation of $kimchi$ that used a low Na, chemical and microbial changes were investigated during the fermentation of process, examining preparations with both table salt and a salt replacement(CS-17). The salinity level of $kimchi$ prepared with table salt(control) and the salt replacement (CS-17) were 2.17~2.5% and 1.72~1.99% during fermentation, respectively. The Na contents of $kimchi$ with CS-17(562.5 mg%) showed a lower level than that with table salt(879.0 mg%). The growth of Leuconostoc sp. was highest ($1.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g) in $kimchi$ with CS-17 at 6 day-fermentation, but the highest level($2.3{\times}10^7$ cfu/g) in $kimchi$ with table salt was at 7dayfermentation. The cells of $Lactobacillus$ sp. in the $kimchi$ prepared with CS-17 and table salt increased to $3.0{\times}10^8$ cfu/g and $6.0{\times}10^7$ cfu/g at 8day-fermentation, respectively. It was concluded that the use of CS-17 could reduce Na levels in $kimchi$ and mitigate over-maturation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2014

Nuclear energy is expected to meet the growing energy demand while avoiding CO2 emission. However, the problem of accumulating spent fuel from current nuclear power plants which is mainly composed of uranium oxides should be addressed. One of the most practical solutions is to reduce the spent oxide fuel and recycle it. Next-generation fuel cycles demand innovative features such as a reduction of the environmental load, improved safety, efficient recycling of resources, and feasible economics. Pyroprocessing based on molten salt electrolysis is one of the key technologies for reducing the amount of spent nuclear fuel and destroying toxic waste products, such as the long-life fission products. The oxide reduction process based on the electrochemical reduction in a LiCl-$Li_2O$ electrolyte has been developed for the volume reduction of PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) spent fuels and for providing metal feeds for the electrorefining process. To speed up the electrochemical reduction process, the influences of the feed form for the cathode and the type of anode shroud on the reduction rate were investigated.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.556-565
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• 2004

Purpose: According to Lazarus & Folkman (1984), appraising a stressor as a threat is associated with negative psychological and physical adjustment, whereas appraising a stressor as a challenge is positive psychological and physical adjustment. This study examined how cognitive appraisal of PTCA(heart disease threat and treatment appraisal) related to the cardiac risk reduction behaviors(smoking cessation, low salt and low cholesterol diet, regular exercise and stress management) 6 weeks following discharge. Method: Data were collected from 50 subjects with successful primary PTCA. Result: Heart disease threat was negative related to treatment appraisal (r=-0.240, p=0.046). Psychological well-being was negative related to heart disease threat (r=-0.317, p=0.012) and positive related to treatment appraisal(r=0.402, p=0.002). The cardiac risk reduction behaviors score was negative related to heart disease threat(r= -0.296, p=0.018) and positive related to treatment appraisal(r=-0.291, p=0.020). Conclusion: More negative appraisal was related to lower the cardiac risk reduction behaviors score. But more positive appraisal was related to higher the cardiac risk reduction behaviors score. So, there is a need to develop the cognitive-behavioral intevention that increase the coping strategy to replace with positive appraisal.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soil amendment treatments, such as hydroball, and active carbon, and planting Pennisetum alopecuroides for reducing calcium chloride (CaCl₂) of soil leachate and the growth of Pennisetum alopecuroides. The experiment planted Pennisetum alopecuroides in a plastic pot with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 9 cm in a greenhouse April-October 2018. The experimental group comprised six treatments, including Non-treatment (Cont.), Hydroball (H), Active carbon (AC), planting Pennisetum alopecuroides (P), hydroball + planting Pennisetum alopecuroides (H + P), and active carbon + planting Pennisetum alopecuroides (AC + P). The dissolution of the CaCl₂ concentration 200ml of 10g/L was irrigated once every two weeks. We measured the growth (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves), EC, pH, and exchangeable cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) according to the high concentration of CaCl₂ in the plant and soil leachate. In a treatment with the 'hydroball' amendment, the soil leachate electrical conductivity (EC), and the cation exchangeable were decreased more than those of the control, while the growth of Pennisetum alopecuroides relative growth rate(RGR) increased. Overall, application with the hydroball amendment added the planting of Pennisetum alopecuroides improved the salt reduction effect more than the control group. These results indicate that the application of the soil amendment agent hydroball was suitable soil amendments in accordance with the high concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Also, Planting Pennisetum alopecuroides is expected to be appropriate for salt-tolerant plant for soil affected by deicing salt agents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.937-942
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• 2004

Physicochemical properties and mineral composition of seaweed salts prepared by incineration and osmotic dehydration methods were determined. As the incineration temperature increased, yield of seaweed salts, insoluble solids, pH, alkalinity, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) decreased. Alkalinity of salt prepared with sea tangle was higher than that of sea mustard. ORP decreased by incineration above $700^{\circ}C$, and was lower in salt with sea tangle. As incineration temperature increased, amounts of K and Ca in seaweed salt increased, whereas that of Mg decreased. Potassium and Ca contents of seaweed salt increased remarkably compared with those of common salt. Potassium content of sea tangle salt was higher than that of sea mustard. As incineration time increased, yield of seaweed salts, insoluble solid content, and pH decreased, whereas ORP of the salt increased. Potassium content of seaweed salt with incineration time, while Ca and Na contents decreased after incineration of 8 and 4 hr, respectively. Yield of seaweed salt by osmotic dehydration increased as immersion time in sea water increased. pH of salt from sea mustard was higher than that of sea tangle. ORP of seaweed salt dried three times was -128.8 mV, significantly lower than that of salt prepared by incineration method. As sea water immersion time increased, Mg content of seaweed salt increased significantly, while Ca content decreased. Potassium content of seaweed salt was higher in sea tangle salt. In case of salt prepared by incineration of residuals, pH increased with immersion time but ORP decreased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.296-300
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• 2005

Human-induced soil salinity is becoming a major threat to agriculture across the world. This salinisation occurs in both irrigated and rain-fed agricultural zones with the highest proportions in the arid and semi-arid environments. Livestock can play an important role in the management and rehabilitation of this land. There are a range of plants that grow in saline soils and these have been used as animal feed. In many situations, animal production has been poor as a result of low edible biomass production, low nutritive value, depressed appetite, or a reduction in efficiency of energy use. Feeding systems are proposed that maximise the feeding value of plants growing on saline land and integrate their use with other feed resources available within mixed livestock and crop farming systems. Salt-tolerant pastures, particularly the chenopod shrubs, have moderate digestible energy and high crude protein. For this reason they represent a good supplement for poor quality pastures and crop residues. The use of salt-tolerant pasture systems not only provides feed for livestock but also may act as a bio-drain to lower saline water tables and improve the soil for growth of alternative less salt tolerant plants. In the longer term there are opportunities to identify and select more appropriate plants and animals for saline agriculture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 2003

To identify the new source of breeding materials for rice salt tolerance, the salinity tolerance of thirty-four varieties was evaluated under 0.5% saline condition at seedling stage. The salinity score showed highly significant correlations to dry weight and dead leaf ratio. The tested varieties were classified into three groups by visual score, reduction ratio of dry weight, and dead leaf ratio. Eighteen varieties were classified as the highly tolerant group (salinity scores of 1.3-3.7), seven varieties were fallen into the tolerant group (salinity scores of 4.2-5.8), and others were susceptible (salinity scores of 6.7-9.0). In highly tolerant group, most indica varieties including Getu, Dikwee and Kuatic Putic, didn't exsert a panicle under the Korean climate. But six varieties, Xiangcho V, Annapuruna, HP 3319-2wx-6-3-1, Giza 175, and GZ 2447-S-17, GZ 4255-6-3 were suitable to the Korean climate, and their heading date (6-16, August) and culm length (65-78㎝) were similar to the Korean varieties. Accordingly, these varieties can be utilized as crossing materials for the salt tolerance in japonica rice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.421-425
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• 2003

The reductive extraction process is an important step to refine the TRU product from the electrorefining process for the preparation of transmutation reactor fuel. In this study, it was studied on the reductive extraction between the eutectic salt and Bi metal phases. The solutes were zirconium and the rare earth elements, where zirconium was used as a surrogate for the transuranic(TRU) elements. All the experiments were performed in a glove box filled with a argon gas. Li-Bi alloy was used as a reducing agent to reduce the high chemical activity of Li. The reductive extraction characteristics were examined using ICP, XRD and EPMA analysis. The reduction reaction was equilibrated within 3 hours after the Li addition. Three eutectic salt systems were compared and Zr was successfully separated from the rare earth elements in all the three salt systems.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to study the effect of pre-treatments before deep frying on the reduction in acrylamide formation, crispness and sensory properties of French fries. The acrylamide concentration was lower in pre-treated French fries before frying with citrus acid, ascorbic acid and salt solution than that in untreated French fries. Crispness, moisture and fat contents, color, texture and overall acceptability of pre-treated French fries were not significantly different compared to those in control. Therefore, French fries pre-treated with citrus acid, ascorbic acid and salt solution before frying had good sensory properties, and reduced acrylamide formation.