DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Fermentative Characteristics of Low-Sodium $Kimchi$ Prepared with Salt Replacement

대체염을 이용한 저 나트륨 김치의 발효 특성

  • Received : 2011.11.21
  • Accepted : 2011.12.14
  • Published : 2011.12.31

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various kinds of commercial salts, including Hanju salt, Deep sea water salt, $Salicornia$ $herbacea$ salt, Guwoon salt, Bamboo salt and salt replacement for the reduction of Na concentration in $kimchi$. The fermentative characteristics of these salts were determined during the fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$. $kimchi$ using a salt replacement and with $Salicornia$ $herbacea$ salt showed slow changes in their pH values. The use of salt replacement showed the lowest level(0.97%) of the retardation of $kimchi$ fermentation. For the preparation of $kimchi$ that used a low Na, chemical and microbial changes were investigated during the fermentation of process, examining preparations with both table salt and a salt replacement(CS-17). The salinity level of $kimchi$ prepared with table salt(control) and the salt replacement (CS-17) were 2.17~2.5% and 1.72~1.99% during fermentation, respectively. The Na contents of $kimchi$ with CS-17(562.5 mg%) showed a lower level than that with table salt(879.0 mg%). The growth of Leuconostoc sp. was highest ($1.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g) in $kimchi$ with CS-17 at 6 day-fermentation, but the highest level($2.3{\times}10^7$ cfu/g) in $kimchi$ with table salt was at 7dayfermentation. The cells of $Lactobacillus$ sp. in the $kimchi$ prepared with CS-17 and table salt increased to $3.0{\times}10^8$ cfu/g and $6.0{\times}10^7$ cfu/g at 8day-fermentation, respectively. It was concluded that the use of CS-17 could reduce Na levels in $kimchi$ and mitigate over-maturation.

본 연구에서는 대체염을 사용하여 제조한 김치의 숙성과정 중 발효 특성을 분석함으로써 저 나트륨 김치 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 저염 김치를 제조하고자 상업용 소금(S-1: 한주소금, S-2: 심층수염, S-3: 함초소금, S-4: 구운소금, S-5: 죽염)과 대체염(CS-17)을 첨가하여 제조한 김치를 $10^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 발효 숙성하면서 pH 및 적정 산도의 변화를 측정하였다. 이들의 실험에서 대체염(CS-17)과 함초소금을 사용한 김치의 경우는 다른 소금을 사용한 김치에 비하여 pH의 저하가 완만하였으며, 특히 대체염을 사용한 김치가 다른 5가지의 염에 비하여 15일 후의 적정산도가 가장 낮아 숙성이 다소 지연되는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 대조구로써 일반염(한주소금)김치와 대체염(CS-17)을 사용한 저 나트륨 김치를 $10^{\circ}C$에서 10일간 숙성 시 발효특성을 분석한 결과, pH의 변화에서 대체염 김치는 일반염 김치와 유사한 3.98을 보였으나, 적정산도에서는 일반염 김치의 1.15% 보다 다소 낮은 0.99%를 보였다. 이는 대체염에 의한 완충작용이 관여하는 것으로 생각된다. 숙성기간 동안의 일반염 김치는 2.17~2.5%의 염도 변화를 보인 반면, 대체염 CS-17을 첨가한 김치는 1.72~1.99%의 낮은 경향을 보여주었다. 또한 대체염 김치는 Na 함량이 562.5 mg%로 일반염 김치의 879.0 mg%에 비하여 64% 수준으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 대체염은 $Leuconostoc$속은 발효 6일차에 최대($1.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g)에 이르렀으며, 일반염은 생육이 다소 저조하여 7일차에 $2.3{\times}10^7$ cfu/g 으로 최대가 되었다. $Leuconostoc$속의 경우에는 대체염은 8일차에 $3.0{\times}10^8$ cfu/g 최대에 이르렀고, 일반염 김치는 대체염보다 생육이 저조하였으나, 8일차에 최대 $6.0{\times}10^7$ cfu/g에 이르렀다. 대체염 CS-17을 이용한 김치는 저 Na화가 가능할 뿐만 아니라 완충능을 가지고 있어 김치 과잉 숙성에 의한 산패를 완화할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn SJ. 1988. The effect of salt and food preservatives on the growth of lactic bacteria isolated from kimchi. Korean J Soc Food Sci 4:39-50
  2. Cho EJ, Lee SM, Lee SH, Park KY. 1988. Studies on the standardization of Chinese cabbages kimchi. Korean J Food Sci Technol 30:324-332
  3. Cho IY, Le HR, Lee JM. 2005. The quality changes of less salty kimchi prepared with extract powder of fine root of ginseng and Schinzandra chinensis juice. Korean J Food Culture 20: 305-314
  4. Cho Y, Rhee HS. 1991. Effect of lactic acid bacteria and temperature on kimchi fermentation (II). Korean J Soc Food Sci 7:89-95
  5. Choi HS. 1995. The Life of Korean. Kimchi. pp. 181, Mil-al
  6. Hahn YS, Oh JY, Kim YJ. 2002a. Charactericts of low-salt kimchi prepared with salt replacement during fermentation. Korean J Food Sci Technol 34:647-651
  7. Hahn YS, Oh JY, Kim YJ. 2002b. Effect of preservatives and heat treatment on the storage of low-salt kimchi. Koran J Food Sci Technol 34:565-569
  8. Han GJ, Son AR, Lee SM, Jung JK, Kim SH, Park KY. 2009. Improvement quality and increased in vitro antcancer effect of kimchi by using natural sea salt without bitterness and baked (guwun) salt. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 38:996- 1002 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.8.996
  9. Jo YB, Choi HJ, Baik HS, Jun HK. 1997. Evalutation of optimum conditions for the electrofusion between Lactobacillus sp. JC-7 isolated from kimchi and Lactobacillus acidophilus 88. Kor J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 25:121-128
  10. John D, Abemethy MD. 1979. Sodium and potassium in high blood pressure. Food Technol 33:57-61
  11. Kang KO, Ku KH, Kim WJ. 1991. Combined effect of brining in hot solution and salts mixture addition for improvement of storage stability of Dongchimi. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 20:559-564
  12. Kim JM, Kim IS, Yang CH. 1987. Storage of salted Chinese cabbage for kimchi. I. Physicochemical and microbial changes during salting of Chinese cabbages. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 16:1075-1084
  13. Kim SD. 1985. Effect of pH adjuster on the fermentation of kimchi. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 14:259-264
  14. Kim SJ, Kim HL, Ham KS. 2005. Chracterization of Kimchi fermentation prepared with various salts. Korean J Food Preserv 12:395-401
  15. Kim WI, Kang KO, Kyung KH, Shin JI. 1991. Addition of salts and their mixtures for improvement of storage stability of kimchi. Korean J Food Sci Technol 23:188-191
  16. Kim YJ. 1999. Physiological properties of kimchi. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 4:59-65
  17. Ko YD, Kim HJ, Jun SS, Sung NJ. 1994. Development of control system for kimchi fermentation and storage using refrigerator. Korean J Food Sci Technol 26:199-208
  18. Lee CH, Hwang IJ, Kim JK. 1988. Macro- and microstructure of Chinese cabbage leaves and their texture measurements. Korean J Food Sci Technol 20:742-748
  19. Lee SK. 1987. Characteristic and intake-state of regional kimchi. Food Nutr 8:23-25
  20. Lynch NM. 1987. In search of the salty taste. Food Technol 41:82-86
  21. Marurice ES, Vemon RY. 1988. Nutrition and diet in hypertension. In: Modem Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lea and Febiger, 7th ed. Vol. II. Philadelphia, USA.
  22. Mheen TI, Kwon TW. 1984. Effect of temperature and salt concentration on kimchi fermentation. Korean J Food Sci Technol 16:443-450
  23. Park KY. 1995. The nutritional evaluation, and antimutagenic and anticancer effects of kimchi. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 24:169-182
  24. Park SJ, Park KY, Jun HK. 2001. Effects of commercial salts on the growth of kimchi-related microorganisms. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 30:806-813
  25. Park WK, Park YH, Park BH, Kim HK. 1996. Changes in nutritional components of Toha-jeot (salt-fermented Toha shrimp) durig fermentation. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 25:665-671
  26. Park WP, Kim IU. 1991. The effect of spices on the kimchi fementation. J Korean Agric Chem Soc 34:242-248
  27. Sebranek TG, Olson DG, Whiting RC, Benedict RC, Rust RE, Kraft AA, Woychik JH. 1983. Physiological role of dietary sodium in human health and implications of sodium reduction in muscle food. Food Technol 37:51-59
  28. Seung JJ. 1988. Hypertension and dietectic treatment. Food Nutr 9:17-19
  29. Shan KFR, Larcen L, Scarbrough IE, Vanderveen JE, Forhes AL. 1983. FDA perspective on soduim. Food Technol 37: 73-75
  30. Shin DH, Jo EJ, Hong JS. 1999. Chemical composition of imported table salts and kimchi preparation test. Korean J Food Hyg Safety 14:277-281
  31. Um DH, Chang HG, Kim JG, Kim WJ. 1997. Optimal temperature and salt concentration for low salt Dongchimi juice prearation. Korean J Soc Food Sci 13:578-584
  32. Yun JW, Kim JK, Kim WJ. 1991. The effect of microwave heating and salts mixture addition on properties of Kakdugi. J Korean Agri Chem Soc 34:219-224

Cited by

  1. Fermentation Characteristics of Low-sodium Kimchi by Kimchi Lactic Acid Bacteria Starters vol.29, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2016.29.5.801
  2. Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions vol.50, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.5.472
  3. Quality and sensory characteristics of commercial kimchi according to sodium contents vol.48, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2016.48.5.413
  4. Large-scale targeted metagenomics analysis of bacterial ecological changes in 88 kimchi samples during fermentation vol.66, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.05.002
  5. Trends in the major dish groups and food groups contributing to sodium intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998-2010 vol.46, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2013.46.1.72
  6. Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Quality Characteristics of Baechu Kimchi Prepared with Various Salts and Concentration vol.29, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2014.29.3.286
  7. Fermentative Properties and Immunomodulating Activity of Low-sodium Kimchi Supplemented with Acanthopanax senticosus and Glycyrrhizae uralensis Extracts vol.25, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2012.25.4.878
  8. Quality Characteristics of Low-Salt Kimchi with Salt Replaced by Salicornia herbacea L. Powder vol.28, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2013.28.6.674
  9. A mathematical model to predict ripening degree of kimchi , a Korean fermented vegetable for meeting consumer preference and controlling shelf life on real time basis vol.12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.02.002
  10. Fermentation Characteristics of Low-Salt Kimchi with Starters on Fermentation Temperature and Salt Concentration vol.27, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2014.27.5.785
  11. The Quality Properties of Rapidly Fermented Mukeun (Long-Term Fermented) Kimchi with Different Salinity and Fermented Temperature vol.28, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2015.28.3.335
  12. 국내 소비자들의 김치 소비 실태 연구 vol.25, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2012.25.2.299
  13. 김치 발효 시 용기의 종류가 세균 생장에 미치는 영향 vol.26, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2013.26.2.249
  14. 서울지역 산업체 급식소 고객의 급식 나트륨 저감화 운영 및 필요성에 대한 인식 vol.25, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.21
  15. Taste Characteristics of Commercial Low-Salinity Kimchi vol.24, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.13050/foodengprog.2020.24.2.99
  16. Changes in Microbial Community by Salt Content in Kimchi during Fermentation vol.50, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.6.648
  17. 마(Dioscorea opposita)김치의 영양성분 및 관능적 특성 vol.19, pp.7, 2011, https://doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2021.19.7.379