• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.410-416
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• 2021

Background This systematic review compared free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps versus pedicled distally based sural artery (DBSA) flaps for reconstruction of soft tissue defects of dorsal foot and ankle in children. Methods A systematic literature search was performed to identify cases where an ALT or DBSA was used to reconstruct the dorsal foot in children. A total of 19 articles were included in the systematic review. Results Eighty-three patients underwent an ALT reconstruction and 138 patients underwent a DBSA reconstruction. Patients who had a DBSA were more likely to require grafting of the donor site (P<0.001). The size of ALT flaps was significantly larger than DBSA flaps (P=0.002). Subsequent flap thinning was required in 30% of patients after ALT and 12% of patients after DBSA reconstruction (P<0.001). Complications occurred in 11.6% of DBSA and 8.4% of ALT flaps (8.4%). Conclusions Both flaps are valid options in reconstructing pediatric foot and ankle defects. Each flap has advantages and disadvantages as discussed in this review article. In general for larger defects, an ALT flap was used. Flap choice should be based on the size of the defect.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권4C호
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• pp.290-295
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• 2005

CA가 공개키를 포함하는 X.509 인증서를 사용자에게 발급할 때, 사용자는 하나 이상의 subject name을 "subject" 필드와 "subjectAltName" 확장 필드에 명시해야 한다. "subject" 필드 또는 "subjectAltName" 확장 필드는 DN, 전자메일 주소, IP 어드레스 등의 계층적인 구조를 포함할 수 있다. 본 논문에서 우리는 인증서 소유자의 프라이버시 보호를 위한 요구 조건들을 제시하였고, 그리고 공개키 인증서내의 "subject" 필드와 "subjectAltName" 확장 필드에 포함돼 있는 사용자의 프라이버시를 보호하는 즉, 제시한 요구조건들을 만족하는 방법을 제안하였다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 2013

Introduction: ALT/AST enzymes are present inside the cells. AST is found in cardiac and skeletal muscle and red blood cells but the ALT is checked mainly in the liver. In general, the rise of these two indicators shows liver damage. The usual measurements of these enzymes are used in liver function tests, but the levels of AST and ALT do not always reflect liver function. Method and Cases: 17 cases of liver dysfunction transiently were evaluated clinically, biochemically, and imaging study of sonogram in pediatric in-patients for 3 years. Result: Most common causes of transient liver dysfunction were infection, especially viral gastroenteritis, and bacterial infection interfering oral food intake. More often occurred in the children who have infant hyperbilirubinemia, positive history of mitochondrial dysfunction or hypoglycemia. Fasting study in one case of hypoglycemia patient showed reversible liver dysfunction during fasting over 20 hours fasting. Discussion: A significant increase in AST and ALT with normal bilirubin can be observed in clinically healthy people during blunt trauma, viral infection, severe pain, metabolic syndrome, fasting or accidental health screening.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.312-324
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• 2008

상용 냉장고에서 새로 설계된 힌지 키트 시스템(HKS, Hinge Kit System)을 개선하기 위하여 새로운 강인 방법론을 연구하였다. 이 방법은 결함 모드, 시장에서의 메카니즘, 가속수명시험법(ALT, Accelerated Life Test)을 이용한 다양하게 개선된 HKS의 설계변수 등을 고려한 것이다. 시장에서의 결함 반품 조사와 첫 번째 ALT 시험을 통한 공통적 크랙 부위는 HKS의 하우징 부분에서 일어남을 확인하였다. 냉장고 HKS의 초기 설계 단계에서 간과한 설계 변수는 하우징이었다. 이를 통하여 냉장고의 특정 열린 지지 구조에서 모든 열린 지지 구조로 확산하여 설계 수정하는 계기가 되었다. 두 번째 ALT 시험을 통하여 발견한 파괴와 크랙 부위는 비틀림 축에서 발생하였다. 설계 변수에서 비틀림 축의 동심도를 고려치 않았던 것이 원인이었다. ALT 시험 절차를 통하여 간과한 설계 변수를 수정할 수 있었다. ALT 시험의 결과를 통하여 연간 결함 발생률이 약 0.01%였고 재설계된 HKS의 B1 수명은 10년으로 파악되었다. 본 논문에서 사용된 변수 설계 방법은 결함 제품 검사, 하중 분석, 세 번의 ALT 시험 등이며 이들은 기계 시스템의 강인 설계에 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 제시된 방법은 새로운 가전제품의 강인 설계에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제13권3_4호
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• pp.63-70
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• 1998

In order to elucidate the prevalence of anti-HEV, anti-HCV and HBsAg in ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)-elevated patient group and healthy person control group, we examined anti-HEV, anti-HCV and HBsAg in 92 persons, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HEV in ALT-elevated patient group (4.3%) was not significantly higher than that (2.2%) of healthy person control group(P>0.05). While in healthy person control group the prevalence of anti-HEV in female (2.4%) was higher than that (2.0%) in male, and in ALT-elevated group male (4.8%) was higher than female (3.3%), there were no significances. The positive rate of anti-HEV was not significantly increased with age between healthy person control and ALT-elevated patient group. The odds ratio's of HEV, HCV and HBV with ALT-elevated patient group were 2.05 (95% CI: 0.31-16.54), 8.67 (95% CI: 1.06-188.63) and 7.23 (95% CI: 2.47-22.71), respectively, but had no significance. It was turned out that HCV and HBV were significantly correlated with ALT-elevated patient group, but HEV had no significance with it in this paper.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.453-456
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• 2022

When the scrotal sac is entirely debrided following a Fournier gangrene, testes exposure poses unique challenges for the reconstructive surgeon. Despite the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is considered a workhorse in such context, aesthetic results are often suboptimal because of the lack of natural ptosis and patchwork appearance. We describe the use of a super-thin pedicled ALT flap for total scrotal reconstruction, modified according to a peculiar flap design and inset technique. A 42-year-old man was referred to our department for delayed total scrotal reconstruction 8 months after a Fournier gangrene extensive debridement. A super-thin pedicled ALT flap from the right thigh was designed: in the central portion of the ALT, a lateral skin paddle extension was marked to guarantee adequate posterior anchorage during insetting and ptosis of the scrotal sac. This particular flap arrangement has inspired the name "sombrero" as the shape is akin to the famous hat. No secondary refinements were needed, and the patient showed satisfying aesthetic and functional results at 12 months' follow-up. The ALT flap design "sombrero" modification proposed in this article can improve scrotum cosmesis and patient satisfaction in a single-stage single-flap procedure.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2018

There are some controversies about the safety of herbal medicine. In order to examine the safety of herbal medicine, this study investigated the level of liver function test(AST/ALT) in patients taking herbal medicine for more than 6 months We checked liver function in 121 patients who took herbal medicine for more than 6 months. AST/ALT were measured before treatment and every 3 months (from 3 month to 9 month). In 121 patients taking herbal medicine for more than 6 months, mean AST level after 6 months was lower than before treatment and mean ALT level after 6 months was lower than before treatment. In 20 patients with abnormal AST/ALT before herbal treatment, 18 patients's AST/ALT changed to normal after 6 month herbal treatment. 2 patients's AST/ALT was slightly higher than normal. One woman patient met the criteria for herb-induced liver injury(HILI) with RUCAM scores 4 after taking herbal medicine for 6 months. Although her RUCAM score decreased to zero after taking herbal medicine for 9 months. This study suggests that long-term herbal medicine for 6 months or longer is very unlikely to injury liver function. Individual-specific liver damage may occur, it can be recovered.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2006

본 연구는 국내산 울금 추출물, 둥굴레 및 말토덱스트린 혼합물을 이용하여 건강 기능성 식품을 제조한 결과 건강 기능성뿐만 아니라 기호적 품질 향상에도 기여하였다. 울금추출물을 $4{\sim}40mg/kg$ 으로 7일 동안 후 투여(post-treatment)한 SD계 랫트는 정상군과 비교하여 ALT(GPT)의 유의적 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 울금 추출물을 40 mg/kg으로 7일 동안 후 투여(post-treatment)한 SD계 랫트는 정상군과 비교하여 AST(GOT)의 유의적 감소(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 또한 울금 추출물을 $4{\sim}40$ mg/kg으로 7일 동안 후 투여(post-treatment)한 SD계 랫트는 대조군과 비교하여 ALT(GPT)와 AST(GOT)의 유의적 감소(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 울금 추출물을4 mg/kg과 40 mg/kg으로 7일 동안 후 투여(post-treatment)한 SD계 랫트는 대조군과 비교하여 AST(GOT)와 ALT(GPT)의 효소 활성을 각각 82.6%와 78.7% 그리고 78.0%와 79.3%까지 감소함을 보였다. 본 연구 결과 울금 추출물의 경구 투여는 AST(GOT), ALT(GPT) 및 ALKP를 감소하였으며 사염화탄소($CCl_4$)에 의해 손상된 간 기능을 개선할 수 있는 유용한 건강 기능성 식품으로 사용할 수 있다는 것을 입증하였다. 둥굴레 및 말토덱스트린 혼합물은 간 기능 개선 효과는 없었으나 울금 특유의 강한 불쾌 취(off-flavor)감소에 의하여 관능적 품질 향상으로 소비자의 기호성 향상에 기여할 수 있다는 것을 입증하였다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제21권45호
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• pp.319-328
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• 1998

In this paper, the design of ALT(Accelerated Life Test) requires a sampling plan based on failure-censored(Type II censored) ALT with lognormal life distribution. Specially the environmental effect of products has been emphasized, so we considered the upper life limit as well as lower life limit in the ALT sampling plan. The optimal plan with a high stress and a low stress is used as test plan, and the total sample size for test and lot acceptability constant which minimize an asymptotic variance of maximum likelihood estimator of assumed model parameters and satisfy the given producer's risk and customer's risk are drawn out. These values can be acquired by means of the computer program that we coded for resolving the difficulty and complexity of calculation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to study the pattern of liver-injury in children with dengue fever (DF) and validate serum aminotransferase ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ as a marker of severe DF. Methods: Children admitted with DF were included. DF was defined by presence of clinical criteria and positive serological or antigen tests in absence of other etiology. DF severity was graded as dengue without or with warning signs and severe dengue. Liver-injury was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more than twice the upper limit of normal (boys, 30 IU/L; girls, 21 IU/L). Results: Of 372 children with DF, 144 (38.7%) had liver-injury. Risk of liver-injury and aminotransferase levels increased with DF severity (p<0.001). Recommended ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) cut-off at ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ had sensitivity 4.8% (5/105), specificity 99.3% (265/267) for detection of severe DF. In children with ALT and AST <1,000 IU/L (n=365), the area under receiver operating curves for prediction for severe DF, were 0.651 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.588-0.714; p<0.001) for ALT and 0.647 (95% CI, 0.582-0.712; p<0.001) for AST. Serum ALT at 376 IU/L and AST at 635 IU/L had sensitivity and specificity comparable to ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ for defining severe DF. Conclusion: Liver-injury is common in DF. The ALT and AST levels increase with DF severity. ALT and AST levels of ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ could be lowered to 376 IU/L and 635 IU/L respectively for defining severe DF.