• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.348-364
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were: (a) to measure the level of rural community residents' environmental preservation consciousness, (b) to identify the variables related to their level of environmental preservation consciousness, and (c) to provide suggestions to improve their environmental preservation consciousness. The major findings of this study were as follows; 1) Personal characteristics- gender, years of education, age, and income- were related to the rural communities residents' the environmental preservation consciousness. 2) Social characteristics- membership in environmental organizations, participation in environmental preservation campaigns, environmental dispute within their communities, experiences of participation in environmental dispute in their communities, participation in environmental education-were related to the rural community residents' the environmental preservation consciousness. Based on the above findings, the following suggestions are offered: 1) To improve rural community residents' environmental preservation consciousness, residents in rural community should be motivated and encouraged to participate in environmental and agriculture-related organizations. 2) To effectively solve environmental disputes among rural community residents and between rural communities, central and local governments should provide opportunities for rural residents to acquire their sound environmental consciousness. 3) Environmental preservation consciousness should be assessed including affective domain, cognitive domain, and behavioral domain. Appropriate environmental education programs should be developed after considering rural residents' personal characteristics including education level, income, gender, years of residency, and are.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.31-51
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• 2004

The reduction of fishing grounds due to the establishment of EEZ system among China, Japan and Korea together with the depletion of fish resources by pollution of waters and successive reclamation projects along the east and the south coastal lines has made many problems in coastal communities including the decrease of population, the deepening aging phenomenon in the fishery society and the fall of relative income level compared with those of rural and urban residents. Especially, the income level of a fishing household is 90%. of a rural resident and 70% of a urban resident. The income of a fishing household consists of 55% of fishing income, 20% of a agricultural source, 20% of income from non-fishing areas, and 10% of transferred income. Compared with that of a Japanese fishing household which has more diverse income sources such as 62% of income coming from non-fishing areas through being hired in manufacturing firms, etc., that of Korean ones is highly dependent upon fishery and agriculture, so that the diversification of income sources is urgently needed, especially in non-fishing areas. This paper shows that as a model to upgrade fisherman's income level, firstly, it is necessary to enhance the value-added of fishing products through processing and new innovation of distribution process and, secondly, to promote tourism in fishing villages. To ascertain this model, a questionnaire survey to fishermen was carried out and showed that they expressed a strong support for the increase of income by the value-added process through processing and innovative distribution system and the active introduction of tourism in fishing villages. A case study on Gosan cooperative in Jeju was also introduced to identify the rationale of the suggested model and this study proved the validity of the model again. Conclusively speaking, to level up the fisherman's income requires the value- added activities through the introduction of product processing and new distribution system together with the introduction of marine tourism in fishing villages.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1998

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between financial management behavior and subjective level of consumption of rural households. In this study, financial management behavior was defined to include 'budgeting' and 'expenditure management'. Data were collected from the 215 rural households in 13 different provinces of Chungnam, and 203 households were used for the analysis. Frequency distribution, means, and path analysis were employed for the statistical analysis. Major findings were as follows. Budgeting behavior had a significant positive effect on rural households' subjective level of consumption, while expenditure management behavior didn't have any significant effect. This implies that active and systematic financial management behavior such as budgeting is more effective than relatively passive financial management behavior like expenditure management on the enhancement of economic well-being of rural households. Age, education, and number of non-farm earners had indirect effects on the subjective level of consumption through budgeting behavior. Income stability had a direct effect and income had both direct and indirect effects on the subjective level of consumption.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.439-461
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to make abolished school utilized to be served for promotion of off-farm incomes, vitality of agriculture and rural communities' economic, i.e. directly related in inhabitants' income. The methods of this study was to classify the types of utilization via analysis of abolished school data base which served by Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development. Moreover, we tried to derive problems of management and the existing system via interview survey of the nation's best 100 executives who utilize abolished school and present active factors of abolished school utilization and improvement directions. Then, we classified types of the idle agricultural land utilization into categories and selected the survey site which were the best on the idle agricultural land. Then, we suggests utilization and improvement directions to the use and management of idle agricultural land for increasing inhabitants' income, vitality of agriculture and rural communities' economic.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.137-142
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• 2018

The aim of this paper was to analyze the determinants of farm household income in the Gyeongbuk province. Data from 5,254 villages in the Gyeongbuk province were used. The main results are as follows. First, the percentage of self-supporting villages for fishing villages was 10.8%, which was higher than the average of 6.4%; however, the percentage of self-supporting villages for mountain villages was only 2.7 percent. Second, the level of income was estimated to positively correlate with the ratio of the roof improvement rate, a sisterhood relationship, farming households, and the number of people under the age of 14. Finally, the results show that variables such as age, farming percentage, roof improvement ratio, and a sisterhood relationship were significant. When the percentage for the roof improvement ratio was higher, the ratio for a sisterhood relationship with another city was higher, and when the proportion of farmers was higher, the average income of the village was higher. Based on the results from the above analysis, the following policy implications are suggested. First, the income levels of rural villages in the 1970s are related to the Saemaul project in Korea. In other words, the Saemaul project contributed to improving the farming household income by direct and indirect methods. Second, it can be seen that it is important to develop policies that take into account different village types within rural areas.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.257-265
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• 2023

This paper investigates the determinants of credit accessibility and the effect of credit on the income of farm households borrowing from Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Giong Rieng District Branch, Kien Giang Province. Based on the primary data of 200 farming households who are the customer of the bank, the study applied the Probit regression model to examine determinant factors of credit accessibility of farm households and employed the Propensity score matching method to investigate the impact of credit on households' income. The findings of the Probit regression shown that three independent variables that significantly influence the access to credit of households are household size, income source, and farm size. Besides that, the Propensity score matching method results showed a difference of 23.799 million VND/year between the income of borrowing households and that of non-borrowing households at the significance level of 1%. The difference in the imcome from the interval and central matching methods are VND 24.700 million VND/year and VND 24.633 million VND/year, respectively. Given empirical findings suggetsted that several recommendations to increase the credit accessibility of farm households, thereby creating favorable conditions for improving their income.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.503-514
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• 2015

This study aims to analyze the relationship between transport infrastructure investment and rural development in Korea in a more systematic and empirical way. To do so, we formulate research framework to examine the multi-faceted relationship through extensive literature review and carry out a descriptive study on the spatial patterns of road investment and rural development in Korea. Finally, using the structural equation model, this study carries out the exploratory empirical analysis on the direct and indirect relationship between transport infrastructure investment and rural development. The study finds that the transport infrastructure investment in rural Korea impacts clearly on both the population base promotion and production and income growth through better accessibility. In addition, the investment has an indirect effects on the production and income growth through its influence on the population base promotion. This implies that the transport infrastructure investment in rural Korea so far exerts both long-term and short-term influences on rural development through various channels of impacts.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2023

This study aims at identifying the characteristics of various income earning activities conducted by small family farms, so-called pluriactivity, in Korea, Traditionally small farm households have been regarded in Korea as those who have not only very limited economic capability, but also very low status in rural society. However, in Europe, since the 1990s, there have been some researches found out the role of small farms in socio-economic development of rural regions. These tended to conclude that such various economic activities of small farms' may contribute to the development of rural region. Introducing the concept of pluriactivity from the European studies, this study carried out surveys and interviews with 38 small farm household in Chungnam region in terms of the fundamental reasons for pluriactivity and the impact on rural economies. The analysis revealed the main reason of pluriactivity could be the lack of income for family. Nevertheless, this study also identified another important reason of pluriactivity that small farms' desire to live in rural areas may drive them to do the pluriactivity. It may mean that farming could not be the main option for them to live in rural areas. In addition, it was confirmed that this pluriactivity has a positive impact on rural areas, such as landscape management, job creation, and cultural provision. Along with this, it was confirmed that there is a difference in pluriactivity characteristics according to age. It then necessary concludes that the rural development policy must consider the characteristics of farm households when they provide the support for farming and non-farming activities.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.139-149
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• 2018

Background: Ethiopia is among the poorest countries where land degradation caused livelihood problem to its inhabitants. The livelihood of rural communities in Ethiopia is seriously threatened by land degradation. Land is the major natural resource that economic, social, infrastructure, and other human activities are undertaken on. Thus, land resources play an important role in shaping rural livelihoods, and lack of sustainable land management practices leads to land degradation. Thus, this study aimed to analyze interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. It also addresses the factors which influence income diversification for livelihood of households in the study area. Result: The result depicts that the major causes of land degradation are both natural and anthropogenic. Land degradation and livelihood are negatively interlinked with each other. The livelihood of the majority of the population in the study area is dependent on subsistence agriculture both farming and animal husbandry with low diversification. The survey result showed that more than half (69%) of the sample households have farm size of less than 2 ha, nearly one third (31%) have 2.0-2.5 ha, and insignificant number of farmers have more than 2.5 ha. More than 80% of the respondents pointed out that land degradation has impacts both on crop yield and livestock production. Most of the explanatory variables such as gender, age, education level, farmland size, and family size have statistical significant influence (at P < .01 and P < .05 levels) for income diversification of households, while marital status on the other hand is not statistically significant though it has positive relation with income diversification in this study. Conclusions: Our results suggest awareness should be created in the community about the livelihood diversification mechanisms which enabled them to engage in different income-generating activities and comprehensive watershed management should be implemented.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2021

The 52-hour workweek policy in Korea is a system that limits the maximum working hours per week to 52 hours including holiday work, which has been treated separately from overtime work during a week. Although this policy is designed to improve the quality of life and create jobs, it may also reduce the income of some workers. In general, it can be assumed that reduced working hours increase consumption at home. This study analyzed the effect of the 52-hour work policy on meat consumption patterns with the ordered logit model. Major factors considered in this study include working hours, income, and consumption frequency. It distinguished domestic and workplace consumption. The results show that the policy has had an impact on meat consumption patterns both at home and at work. If there is no change in income and only the working hours decrease, meat consumption in households increases. On the other hand, if both income and working hours decrease, household meat consumption decreases. Moreover, reduced working hours decrease the frequency of office happy hour and meat consumption in the workplace. However, the 52-hour workweek policy applies only to workers working more than 52 hours per week; thus, it is difficult to determine the overall effect of the policy on national meat consumption patterns.