• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 1995

To analyze mobility patterns, this study used three Constraint (Capability Constraint, Coupling Constraint, Authority Constraint) models which were proposed in Dr. Hagerstrand's Time-space theory. This paper shows that three constraint models have some effects upon mobility by age. In this study, Capability Constraint means a certain special constraint that is what we can't do during proceeding basic natural urges like sleep, fare, etc. Coupling constraint is a physical one. Each person limits the action range for staying on a special place in special time. For instance, students have to stay in school so that they have mobility constraints. Authority Constraint is a social one. When we use urban facilities or traffic, we may be controlled by mobility sphere by an agreement or a social position. It is social agreement that the opening hour of a store, the time table of mass-transportation and a social positional control that the personal income, the standard of education. In this study it has been in a process of determination of the cluster number that degree of influences a social constraint to mobility. Considering the mobility constraint of characteristics of space divides urban and rural, people in urban area have higher mobility rate than in rural area. Resuets of determination of the cluster, show similar mobility pattern. People in urban area are connected verity of mobility which related to urban space structures with determination of cluste-number. That is to say, mobility patterns can be changed by space charactcristics. Constraints by sex and age are also social constraints and they are influenced by mobility patterns. For instance, females at the age of twenties have similar mobility pattern to the same age male but they have sudden changes after thirty's age. Male entertains a similar pattern without restriction of age. That is to say, management by sex as a social constraint affects mobility. To establish more realistic traffie policy, mobility formation should be reflected to the space in a view of social-behavioral science. To embody this, some problems should be investigated as follows. 1. As a problem of methodology, if sufficient samples ensured, we could subdivide clusters and could open up a new method of analyzing the mobility clusters by using the neuro-network. 2. Extracting actions connected with mobility and finding life cycle which is classified by daily cluste-characteristics, suitable counterproposal could be presented to the traific policy.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to target Chinese consumers of Korean agri-food through the analysis of agri-food brand identity images to set future directions for proposed agri-food exports to China. Since negotiations began for a free trade agreement (FTA) between Korea and China, some Koreans have worried about the Korean agriculture sector. The world trading system has undergone many changes in recent years. Since the start of FTA negotiations on agriculture, China and Korea have faced a heightened sense of crisis. China is trying to export agricultural products so actively that its agricultural exports could increase by more than 7% annually. China exported about one-tenth of its agricultural products to Korea in the period 2002-2010. Recently, the importance of brand identity has tended to increase, as the world becomes one unified market. In this situation, we should try to promote agri-food exports to China. It is very important to understand consumers' recognition of Korean food and the image of the Korean agri-food industry, to establish an export strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - This study targeted 2,800 adult men and women aged 25-59 years living in four major cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Qingdao) with a household income within the top 10% level in the China, using the one-to-one interview survey method. In addition, four groups by region (eight people per group) for a total of 32 groups were surveyed by using the focus group interview (FGI) research method, and impressions of imported agri-food were surveyed using 17 questions about fresh agri-food and 22 questions on processed agri-food. Factor analysis, brand positioning, biplot analysis, and so on, were carried out based on the results of these surveys. This research presents the brand identity of Korean food; according to the analyses, the brand identity is based on trust, safety, and attractiveness. Result - Factor analysis results showed that Chinese consumers expect four major qualities in imported fresh agri-food: freshness/safety, attractive appearance, premium branding, and excellent taste/quality. In the case of processed agri-food, it turned out that Chinese consumers are focused on safety/hygiene/freshness, health, and taste. In addition, in the fresh agri-food analysis by country, American foods had the upper hand; the image of American foods was also recognized as the most positive for processed agri-food. Meanwhile, according to the biplot analysis, Korean agri-food is strongly preferred for its appearance, but no country is strongly preferred as regards the level of freshness/safety that is expected by Chinese consumers. Conclusions - In this study, we analyzed the image of imported agri-food expected by Chinese consumers by reconstructing agri-food characteristics from the brand perspective. The research result shows that a Korean brand identity must be the ultimate goal for activities undertaken to enhance the image of Korean agri-food in the future. Additional research is needed because brand image can be formed through various channels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.200-208
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• 1981

A survey was conducted from January 23 to 31 and February 14 to 18, 1981, in Whaseounggun, Kyunggj-do, to investigate the dietary and nutritionary status, and prevalence of parasitic infection of the fertile women, in an attempt to provide an integrative perspective on the rural family health programmes. The results are summarised as follows; The total number of fertile women, randomly selected, was 197 ; 21 women were in the latter half of pregnancy; 38 women, lactating, the remaning, non-pregnant. Average age of the subjects was 31.4 years; average number of children, 2.7; average number of abortion, 0.9; average family number in home, 5.5. The families had a mean income of \ 2,470,000 per fear. The majority, 83.8% of the families, were engaged in farming. 61.4% of the subjects had completed schooling 6 years or less. The mean energy intake of the lactating women was 73.4% of the recommended allowance, while that of non-pregnant and pregnant women reached 86.9 to 88.6% of the recommendation. In the average diet of the subjects, carbohydrates contribute 74.6 to 81.7% of the total energy intake; protein 11.3 to 11.9%; fat 7.0 to 13.9%. Protein intake of non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating women met 72.6%, 60.8%, and 65.2% of allowance, respectively; and those proteins were mainly derived from vegetable sources. The subjects ingested less than one-half of the allowances for iron, calcium, vitamin A, and riboflabin ; in contrast, thiamin and ascorbic acid levels were adequate or fairly acceptable. There were significant correlations of meal balance and food diversity scores to the mean intake levels of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin. Only 10% of the pregnant women and 11.4% of non-pregnant and lactating women reached the acceptable level of hemoglobin. Positive prevalence of parasitic infection was found among about one-third of the subjects, 30.3% of women. Hematologic findings had no significant correlation to parasitic infection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7021-7027
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• 2014

Background: The problem of cancer, especially lung cancer, is very acute in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to evaluate the risk of lung cancer among Bangladeshi people based on hereditary, socio-economic and demographic factors. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 208 people (patients-104, controls-104) from January 2012 to September 2013 using a structured questionnaire containing details of lung cancer risk factors including smoking, secondhand smoke, tobacco leaf intake, age, gender, family history, chronic lung diseases, radiotherapy in the chest area, diet, obesity, physical activity, alcohol consumption, occupation, education, and income. Descriptive statistics and testing of hypotheses were used for the analysis using SPSS software (version 20). Results: According to this study, lung cancer was more prevalent in males than females. Smoking was the highest risk factor (OR=9.707; RR=3.924; sensitivity=0.8872 and P<0.0001) followed by previous lung disease (asthma, tuberculosis etc.) (OR=7.095; RR=1.508; sensitivity=0.316 and P<0.0001)) for male patients. Highly cooked food (OR=2.485; RR=1.126; sensitivity=0.418 and P=0.004)) and also genetic inheritance (OR=1.93; RR=1.335; sensitivity=0.163 and P=0.138) demonstrated significant correlation with lung cancer as risk factors after these two and alcohol consumption was not prevalent. On the other hand, for female patients, tobacco leaf intake represented the highest risk (OR=2.00; RR=1.429; sensitivity= 0.667 and P=0.5603) while genetic inheritance and highly cooked food also correlate with lung cancer but not so significantly. Socioeconomic status and education level also play important roles in causing lung cancer. Some 78.5% male and 83.3% of female cancer patients were rural residents, while 58.2% lived at the margin or below the poverty line. Most male (39.8%) and female (50.0%) patients had completed only primary level education, and 27.6% male and 33.3% female patients were illiterate. Smoking was found to be more prevalent among the less educated persons. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study indicate the importance of creating awareness about lung cancer risk factors among Bangladeshi people and making appropriate access to health services for the illiterate, poor, rural people.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.325-337
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• 2007

Illegal slash-and-bum fields and slash-and-bum farmers in Korea had increased in spite of Japanese Joseon Government's strong regulations and clearance measures, and land reform after the 1945 Liberation of Korea until 1970s. This study is to inquire into the necessary and sufficient conditions to disappear entirely the matters from 1974 to 1979 that illegal slash-and-bum fields and slash-and-burn farmers continued long in existence until the early 1970s. The findings are as follows; Firstly, the population pressure to agricultural lands that main factor of generation of illegal slash-and-bum fields had decreased rapidly because the rural populations and less income farmers have decreased after 1967. Especially, the decrease of the rural populations had never seen to the 1970s. It is recognised that the social condition for the success in 1970s. Secondly, the continuous economic growth from the early 1960s enabled the Korean government to solve the matter through the sufficient financial investment from the Government. For example, the gross national product (GNP) and the government budget in 1974 increased around 25 times after 1960. It is recognised that the economic condition for the success in 1970s. Finally, it was enabled to remove the concealment from the slash-and-bum farmers and to monitor illegal re-cultivation thoroughly because the development of forest inventory technique using an aerial photograph and the expansion of road facilities. It is recognised that the technical condition for the success in the 1970s.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.963-976
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to investigate the general characteristics of students, which include the degree of satisfaction, motives of admission, the recognition of advantages and disadvantages, opinion of students on self-directed learning, and planning and anticipatory effects after graduation. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey over a period of four months, from May 1997 to August 1997. The subjects used for this study consisted of 322 RN students sampled from six RN-to-BSN programs in Korea using the census sampling method. Statistical methods employed for this study included discriptive statistics, M ANOVA, and F-test. The results of the study are as follows 1. The RN students' motives of admission to RN-to-BSN programs were ‘for personal advancement’, ‘to earn a BSN degree’, and ‘for professional development’ in this order. 2. The RN students' responses to the advantages of RN-to-BSN programs were ‘acquisition of new knowledge and a BSN degree’ and ‘to gain professional thinking and a broader view’, while as the disadvantages of RN-to-BSN programs were ‘geographical isolation of institutions’, ‘limitation of information’, and ‘underdeveloped school environments’ in this order. 3. The survey based on opinions toward self-directed learning showed that there was a need of detailed guidelines for self-directed learning. Most agreed that it was a very effective learning method for a RN student, and the self-directed learning method Increases motives for learning. 4. The students' anticipatory effect after graduation were ‘self-achievement’, ‘development of professional skills’, and ‘admission to post-graduate school or programs to study abroad’. 5. The students were very satisfied with the quality of faculty members, and satisfied with the quality of lectures and teaching. However, students were unsatisfied with rented lecture rooms, and very unsatisfied with self-directed learning methods. 6. School nurses showed higher statistical significances in the need for teaching material and anticipatory effect after graduation than other RN students working in hospitals and public health agencies. Also, school nurses, public health nurses, and industry nurses showed higher statistical significances in motives of admission than RN students working in hospitals. Further more, staff nurses, school nurses, and industry nurses showed higher levels of satisfaction toward a RN-to-BSN programs than nurses in higher positions, such as administrators or directors of nursing. 7 City residents were more satisfied with RN-to-BSN programs than rural residents. Otherwise, the rural residents had higher motives for admission, a bigger need for teaching materials, and recognition of the disadvantages of RN-to-BSN programs than city residents. Finally, RN students who earned below a monthly income of ￦1,000,000 showed higher motivation for admission than those who earned more than ￦1,000,000.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

Purpose - The distribution of agricultural products is changing due to recent shifts in environmental free trade. Specifically, the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products has weakened as a result of the Korea-China Financial Trade Agreement. Agricultural producers are faced with increasing difficulties and organized production centers are growing in importance daily. To overcome this crisis, agricultural producer organizations are vying for environment-friendly agricultural certifications, Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). In particular, as consumer demand for higher safety grows, farmers are increasing their certification rates. Therefore, this certification system is expected to help strengthen the competitiveness of agricultural producer organizations. Research design/data/methodology - Organized production centers are classified by certification. A survey was conducted with 91 organizations using factor analysis and logistic regression analysis for the examination. The factor analysis results are as follows. Raw material procurement, education·specialization, marketing, joint business, organizing ability, business management, effectiveness, certification, and larger organizations were classified as the nine types of factors. These factors affect the organized production centers and are used in the logistic regression analysis. The purpose of such research and analysis is to suggest a direction for future production center policies. Results - The basic statistical results are as follows: analysis of the producer organizations of 91 sites, average number of members per site of 1,624, and average sales of 25,961 million won. Additionally, the average income per farmer is 175 million won, and the pooling system rate is 53.5%. The factor analysis results are as follows. Factor 1 consists of contract cultivation, ongoing shipment, selection subdivision, traceability, and major retailer management. Factor 2 consists of manual cultivation, specialty selection, education program, and R&D. Factor 3 consists of advertising, various dealers, various sales strategies, and a unified sales counter. Factor 4 consists of agricultural materials co-purchase, policy support, co-shipment, and incentives. Factor 5 consists of the co-selection and pooling system. Factor 6 consists of co-branding and operating by the organization's article. Factor 7 consists of the buy-sell ratio and rate of operation of the agriculture promotion center. Factor 8 consists of bargaining power in volume and participation rate of farmer certification. Factor 9 consists of increasing new subscribers. The logistic regression analysis results are as follows. Considering the results by type of certification, the environment-friendly agricultural certification type and the GAP certification type have a (+) influence. GAP and HACCP certification types affecting the education·specialization factor have a (+) influence. Considering the results for each type of certification, the environment-friendly agricultural certification types on the effectiveness factor have (-) influence; the HACCP certification types on the organizing ability and effectiveness factor have a (-) influence. Conclusions - Agricultural producer organizations should develop plans as follows: The organizations need to secure education for agricultural production; increase the pooling system ratio for sustainable organizational development; and, finally, expand the number of agricultural producer organizations.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Purpose - Distribution of agricultural products is collapsing due to recent changes in the environment balance between retailers and producers. Further, the increase in the imports of agricultural products due to free trade has caused revenue problems for producers. Agricultural producers are faced with increasing difficulties, and the organized producing center's importance is growing each day. Korean organized producing centers' policies have been conducted since 2000, and have thus been sustained for more than 10 years. Organizing a producing center's business is focused on agricultural cooperative and farming association corporation this has already have been carried out. In addition, it has achieved significant results through these organizations, but it still has many problems. Research design, data, and methodology - Organized producing centers were classified for each type. The survey covered 90 organizations, based on factor analysis, analysis of balance, and logistic regression analysis. The results of the conducted factor analysis are as follows. Production, marketing, human resources management, organizational skills, post management, safety, and scale were classified as the seven kinds of factors. These are the factors that affect the organized producing centers through the variance analysis and logistic regression analysis. The purpose of such research and analysis is to suggest the direction for the future organized producing centers' policies. Result - Results of the analysis of the variance are listed below. Items by type, production, marketing, human resource management, and organizational skills are shown to depict differences between the factors. Organization form results show that production and marketing showed a difference between the factors. The size of the organization, production, and marketing showed the difference between the factors. The factors affect organized producing centers differently depending on the type shown, as seen from the results. In contrast, the logistic regression results of the analysis are as follows. Considering the results by the type of item, and the horticulture type of marketing, human resource management has a (+) influence. Grain type and production showed a (+) influence. New types of income affecting organizational skills have a (+) influence. Considering the results for each type of organization, the agricultural cooperative type of marketing and human resource management have (+) influence. Farming association corporation type of production has a (+) influence. As a result, the size of the organization is as follows. Large organizations are production, expressed in marketing with a (+) impact. Medium-size organizations are expressed with their size factor having a (+) impact. Small organizations are expressed with a safety factor having a (+) impact. Conclusions - The types of factors display different effects. One factor is that the type of a (+) represents the influence of other factors (-) as per factor symptomatology. Therefore, the type of measures to organize a strategy to maximize the benefits of your organization should be pursued. In addition, based on the support for small organizations, improving the quality of the producer organization should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 1981

Weed is one of the problems in the crop land as well as in uncultivated land, raising the farm management costs. Therefore, the weed control is essential for effective agricultural management. The cost for weed control in Korea occupies on the average 27.6% of the total labor cost required. Agricultural policies since 1960 were transferring from yield increase due to land productivities to increase of income due to labor productivities. Therefore, the weed control by hand is also changed to weed control by chemicals. The weed control by chemicals has also brought about some side-effects and needs better, improved weed control methods. The present weed control situation and related problems were studied to present new approaches for agricultural development in the future. There were 458 species of weeds in 82 families which were growing in the crop land. The weeds to control, however, are 12 in paddy field and 9 in upland. So far weeds in paddy field are well under control, while weeds in upland are poorly controlled due to change in chemical efficiency and chemical damage in the upland. The administration, research and extension work for the efficient use of agricultural chemicals have been done by various institutions, such as Office of Rural Development, Office of Forestry, and chemical companies. The courses for agricultural chemicals were offered in the agricultural colleges. However, the efficiency of chemicals could not be maximized due to the poor relationships among related institutes. The newly established Agricultural Chemical Research Center at the Office of Rural Development and the Korean Weed Science Association are expected to contribute toward improving weed control in Korea. The Korean agriculture in the future will eventually be mechanized and the varieties resistant to high nitrogen application and to high plant density will be required for high yields. The rice will be transplanted earlier and the whole growing period will be extended. The application of organic matter will be increased for increasing soil fertility, and the use of agricultural chemicals will be continued. Under such a condition, the studies on the weed occurrence and its integrated control measures will be needed. Also weed controls in the newly exclaimed land, crop varieties, horticultural varieties, forage crops, and forests are also needed to study. Basic and practical researches for the weed control to improve the labor productivity will be also needed. In order to meet the all requirements for efficient weed control, weed control systems including all the academics, research and extension workers, administratives, farmers and companies should be established. Also securing researchers and education of personnels are pre-required and research funds for the chemical studies should be provided efficiently and timely.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3677-3684
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• 1975

A newly devised dryer with heated air for the farm products, especially suited for high water content materials such as red pepper, Beer ground, each Vegetables, and Low water content materials such as Rough rice was tested for its thermal efficiency and drying mechanism, and the optimum conditions for each sample were established. In order to improve the present rural situation of drying farm products which entirely dependent upon natural solar radiation, a study upon an economic multi-parpose dryer was conducted. A series of drying tests were run first with red pepper which is one of the important cash crop in Korean farm. And successive series of tests were also run with such proaucts as garlic, sweet potatoes, green onion, radish, Beer ground and Rough rice. The results from the above experiment in drying system with heat dryer can be summarized as follows. 1. Drying duration could be shortened by the tempering effect in high water content crop such as red pepper and beer ground. 2. The color changes occured in around 20% water content in red pepper. The degree of color change was heavily affected by high temperature and short drying duration. 3. The drying condition of red pepper was most favourable at the temperature of 85$^{\circ}C$ in early stage and 80$^{\circ}C$ in middle stage and 75$^{\circ}C$ at the final stage, and with the air rate of 0.81㎥/sec and with sample amount of 200kg. 4. The drying condition of Rough rice(I.R.667) was most favourable at the templature of 40$^{\circ}C$ in early stage and 35$^{\circ}C$ in middle stage and final stage and with the air rate of 0.2㎥/sec and with sample amount of 75kg. 5. In order to prevent the color change of red pepper and to assure high efficiency in drying mechanism, it was necessary to lower the temperature as the time passes in drying process. 6. For vege tables, the drying rate were short in early stage and there was also tempering effect. However, for garlics, Constant drying rates through the early and final stages were observed and there were no tempering effects. 7. The drying condition or capability were as follows; Sample drying temp($^{\circ}C$) amount of material(kg) drying time(hr) Red pepper 85 200 9 Garlic 85 150 7 Sweet potato 85 200 6 Green Onion 85 200 4 Carrot 85 200 4 Radish 90 250 4 Rough rice(I.R.667) 35 75 4 Beer ground 90 320 3 Considering the above result of experiments, if this kind of dryers were distributed Korean farm and the optimun process were practiced in rural area, it would certainly help them improving the qualites of their product preventing their undue losses, and thus assuring an increase of Korean farm income and promotion of their living standards.