• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.95-117
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the level of anxiety about economic change in middle-aged and elderly people and to analyze the factors that influence this anxiety. The data, derived from Korean General Social Survey(KGSS) were collected from Survey Research Center of Sung Kyun Kwan University. The samples included 821 people over the age of 40, including 529 middle-aged people who were from 40 to 59, and elderly people who were over 60. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the research model. The findings from the analysis showed that age and subjective economic status had crucial effects on the entire group's anxiety about unemployment and poverty, housing prices, financial markets, and economic recession in the older life. For the middle-aged group, age in particular had crucial effects on all the components of its anxiety about economic change. For the elderly group, geographical region was the most critical factor that affected its anxiety about economic change, the elderly people who were living in metropolitan area and towns had more anxiety than those who were living in rural areas. In particular, region was the only factor that affected the elderly group's anxiety about financial markets, and economic recession. These results showed that specific age of middle-aged and elderly people had the crucial effects while their sex, educational level, and the employment status of their spouse had no effects on their anxiety about economic change. Objective economic indices such as their earned-income and other income including savings and pensions had no effects on their anxiety level. While as noted above subjective economic indices such as their standard of living compared with their parents, projected economic status, and level of socio-economic success had an effect on anxiety about economic change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 1994

In this study, we analyzed 2-day food records of the 1990 Korean National Nutrition Survey data for 2,000 households, and investigated most popular menu patterns by area, income, meal. The basic menu patterns of Korean, excluding side dishes, were Rice+Soup, Rice+Stew, Rice, Others, Rice+Soup+Stew in the order of proportion for all analyzed sectors. And the proportion of menus with the rice as a main dish was about 90% on the whole. The most popular menus of Korean were Rice+Soup+Kimchi(4.52%), Noodle+Kimchi(4.30%). When they ate rice as a main dish, they had soup, kimchi, and 1 or 2 other side dishes. At large cities, Noodle+Kimchi was the most frequent menu(5.20%). On the other hands, small cities and rural areas, Rice+Soup+Kimchi+Cooked vegetable was common. For the households which salaries less than 5 million won, Rice+Stew+Kimchi is the most prevalent, but households which salaries higher than 5 million won, Noodle+Kimchi was most frequent. At breakfast and dinner, the proportion of Rice+Stew+Kimchi+Cooked vegetable was 4.70%. But at lunch, Noodle+Kimchi was the most frequent and other menu combinations based on noodle were also common. Therefore most households showed conventional rice based menu patterns, but these patterns were decreasing for the large cities, and high income households. Especially at lunch, they used various menus which were not based on rice.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1129-1137
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• 1993

This study was carried out to analyze the effects of dietary and life-style factors on the prevalence of depression in Korea. Epidemiologic data from a nation-wide sample of 2,000 adults who were selected with the stratified random sampling method in Korea were interviewed by trained interviewers. Data were presented on the CES-D, a 20-items self-report depression symptom scale developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies in U.S.A. The prevalence of depression among all the respondents was 13.5%, with 13.1% in urban samples and 15.5% in rural samples. The prevalence was higher in females(15.3%) than in males(11.7%). There were highly marked differences in the prevalence of depression by sex(p<0.05), age(p<0.0001), education(p<0.001) and income(p<0.01). Respondents of 60 years and over group, the less educated group(below elementary school graduated), and the less income group(less than 400,000 won/month) reported the highest rate of depression. However subjects' occupation and residence had little relation with the prevalence of depression. Drinking and smoking habit appeared to be highly associated with depression in females(p<0.0001) but not in males. The prevalence of depression and eating behavior were highly related(p<0.005). Male respondents below 20 years, 20-29, and 60 years and over depressed group reported significantly lower energy and protein intakes compared to that of the normal group. However, in the female respondents 20-29 years and 60 years and over depressed groups showed the significantly lower energy and protein intakes compared to those of the normal groups(p<0.05), it can be concluded that the various ecological factors such as epidemiological, dietary, and health factors may affect the prevalence of depression among Korean.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.323-341
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• 2012

In the recent year, the urbanization is emerging as important issue for sustainable development in China. Like the most of the world, urbanization of China is closely related with the domestic market development, the innovation of industrial structure, and the reduction of income cap among regions, urban-rural region and so on. This paper analyzes the impact of urbanization on economic growth using cross section data and time series data of the eastern coastal regions in China. Based on the existing literature, we establish a hypothesis, which is basically the same as Williamson(1965)'s hypothesis, that urbanization promotes the economic growth at the early stages of development but has adverse effects in economies that have reached a certain income level. The results of study are as follows: Using 10-provinces data of the eastern coastal region in China, this paper examines the impact of urbanization on economic growth. Regression results suggest that Williamson's hypothesis is not verified, regardless of estimation methods in two models. Hence, the results show that the impact of urbanization on economic growth has not the inverse U-type function in the eastern coastal region of China.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.248-253
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• 2019

Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can reduce the incidence of dementia. This study developed the MCI prediction model for the elderly in Korea. The subjects of this study were 3,240 elderly (1,502 men, 1,738 women) aged 65 and over who participated in the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Aging (KLoSA) in 2012. Outcome variables were defined as MCI prevalence. Explanatory variables were age, marital status, education level, income level, smoking, drinking, regular exercise more than once a week, average participation time of social activities, subjective health, hypertension, diabetes Respectively. The prediction model was developed using Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) neural network. As a result, age, sex, final education, subjective health, marital status, income level, smoking, drinking, regular exercise were significant predictors of MCI prediction model of rural elderly people in Korea using RBM neural network. Based on these results, it is required to develop a customized dementia prevention program considering the characteristics of high risk group of MCI.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 1998

Directed graphic algorithm was applied to an empirical analysis of traffic occupant fatalities based on a model by Crandall. In this paper, Crandall's data on U.S. traffic fatalities for the period 1947-1981 are focused and extended to include 1982-1993. Based on the 1947-1981 annual data, the directed graph algorithms reveal that occupant traffic deaths are directly caused by income, vehicle miles, and safety devices. Vehicle mileage is caused by income and rural driving. The estimation is conducted using three stage least squares regression. Those results show a difference between the traditional regression methodology and causal graphical analysis. It is also found that forecasts from the directed graph based model outperform forecasts from the regression-based models, in terms of mean squared forecasts error. Furthermore, it is demonstrates that there exists some latent variables between all explanatory variables and occupant deaths.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.225-235
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• 2023

Background: This study aimed to analyze the effects of periodontal treatment and individual- and tooth-related factors on tooth extraction in people with disabilities. Methods: The Korea National Health Insurance claims data of individuals with disabilities aged 40~64 years with chronic periodontitis in 2008 were obtained. Of these, data on the disabled who underwent scaling/root plaining, subgingival curettage/periodontal surgery, or non-periodontal treatments, and data on their teeth were selected. The extraction of 716,688 teeth from 39,097 patients was tracked until 2018, and the patient- and tooth-level factors related to tooth loss were identified using a mixed-effect logistic regression analysis. Results: Data from approximately 17% of the teeth were extracted during a follow-up period of approximately 11 years. Among the tooth-level variables, scaling/root planing treatment at baseline and periodontal treatment during the follow-up period were associated with a lower risk of tooth loss (odds ratio=0.692 and 0.769, respectively, p<0.001). Non-vital teeth increased the risk of tooth loss by 3.159 times (p<0.001). Among the patient-level variables, females were less likely to have lost their teeth than males, and those with orthopedic impairment or brain lesions/mental disabilities, a higher age group, lower income level, or residents in medium/small cities or rural areas were more likely to have lost their teeth (p<0.001). Conclusion: Through approximately 11 years of follow-up, scaling or root planing, experience with periodontal treatment at least once, female sex, older age, lower income, smaller residential areas, type of disability, and pulp vitality were found to be associated with tooth loss in individuals with disabilities aged 40~64 years with chronic periodontitis. To prevent tooth loss in individuals with disabilities, it is necessary to establish a dental treatment plan that considers the timing of periodontal treatment and the characteristics of the patient and teeth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.949-961
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to build an oyster outlook model. In particular, by limiting oyster items, it was designed as a partial equilibrium model based on a panel analysis of a fixed effect model on aquaculture facilities. The model was built with a dynamic ecological equation (DEEM) system that considers aquaculture and harvesting processes. As a result of the estimation of the initial aquaculture facilities based on the panel analysis, the elasticity of the remaining facility volume in the previous month was estimated to be 0.63. According to Nerlove's model, the adjustment coefficient was interpreted as 0.31 and the adjustment speed was analyzed to be very slow. Also, the relative income coefficient was estimated to be 2.41. In terms of elasticity, it was estimated as 0.08% in Gyeongnam, 0.32% in Jeonnam, and 1.98% in other regions. It was analyzed that the elasticity of relative income was accordingly higher in non-main production area. In case of the estimation of the monthly harvest facility volume, the elasticity of the remaining facility volume in the previous month was estimated as 0.53, and the elasticity of the farm-gate price was estimated as 0.23. Both fresh and chilled and frozen oysters' exports were estimated to be sensitive to fluctuations in domestic prices and exchange rates, while Japanese wholesale prices were estimated to be relatively low in sensitivity, especially to the exchange rate with Japan. In estimating the farm-gate price, the price elasticity coefficient of monthly production was estimated to be inelastic at 0.25.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2007

1. Purpose Rural tourism is made by individuals with different characteristics, needs and wants. It is important to have information on the characteristics and preferences of the consumers of the different types of existing rural accommodation. The stud aims to identify the determinants of consumer preference by type of accommodations. 2. Methodology 2.1 Sample Data were collected from 1000 people by telephone survey with three-stage stratified random sampling in seven metropolitan areas in Korea. Respondents were chosen by sampling internal on telephone book published in 2006. We surveyed from four to ten-thirty 0'clock afternoon so as to systematic sampling considering respondents' life cycle. 2.2 Two-step cluster Analysis Our study is accomplished through the use of a two-step cluster method to classify the accommodation in a reduced number of groups, so that each group constitutes a type. This method had been suggested as appropriate in clustering large data sets with mixed attributes. The method is based on a distance measure that enables data with both continuous and categorical attributes to be clustered. This is derived from a probabilistic model in which the distance between two clusters in equivalent to the decrease in log-likelihood function as a result of merging. 2.3 Multinomial Logit Analysis The estimation of a Multionmial Logit model determines the characteristics of tourist who is most likely to opt for each type of accommodation. The Multinomial Logit model constitutes an appropriate framework to explore and explain choice process where the choice set consists of more than two alternatives. Due to its ease and quick estimation of parameters, the Multinomial Logit model has been used for many empirical studies of choice in tourism. 3. Findings The auto-clustering algorithm indicated that a five-cluster solution was the best model, because it minimized the BIC value and the change in them between adjacent numbers of clusters. The accommodation establishments can be classified into five types: Traditional House, Typical Farmhouse, Farmstay house for group Tour, Log Cabin for Family, and Log Cabin for Individuals. Group 1 (Traditional House) includes mainly the large accommodation establishments, i.e. those with ondoll style room providing meals and one shower room on family tourist, of original construction style house. Group 2 (Typical Farmhouse) encompasses accommodation establishments of Ondoll rooms and each bathroom providing meals. It includes, in other words, the tourist accommodations Known as "rural houses." Group 3 (Farmstay House for Group) has accommodation establishments of Ondoll rooms not providing meals and self cooking facilities, large room size over five persons. Group 4 (Log Cabin for Family) includes mainly the popular accommodation establishments, i.e. those with Ondoll style room with on shower room on family tourist, of western styled log house. While the accommodations in this group are not defined as regards type of construction, the group does include all the original Korean style construction, Finally, group 5 (Log Cabin for Individuals)includes those accommodations that are bedroom western styled wooden house with each bathroom. First Multinomial Logit model is estimated including all the explicative variables considered and taking accommodation group 2 as base alternative. The results show that the variables and the estimated values of the parameters for the model giving the probability of each of the five different types of accommodation available in rural tourism village in Korea, according to the socio-economic and trip related characteristics of the individuals. An initial observation of the analysis reveals that none of variables income, the number of journey, distance, and residential style of house is explicative in the choice of rural accommodation. The age and accompany variables are significant for accommodation establishment of group 1. The education and rural residential experience variables are significant for accommodation establishment of groups 4 and 5. The expenditure and marital status variables are significant for accommodation establishment of group 4. The gender and occupation variable are significant for accommodation establishment of group 3. The loyalty variable is significant for accommodation establishment of groups 3 and 4. The study indicates that significant differences exist among the individuals who choose each type of accommodation at a destination. From this investigation is evident that several profiles of tourists can be attracted by a rural destination according to the types of existing accommodations at this destination. Besides, the tourist profiles may be used as the basis for investment policy and promotion for each type of accommodation, making use in each case of the variables that indicate a greater likelihood of influencing the tourist choice of accommodation.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 1990

1. Background Women's health and their involvement in health care are essential to health for everyone. If they are ignorant, malnourished or over-worked, the health &-their families as well as their own health will suffer. Women's health depends on broad considerations beyond medicine. Among other things, it depends upon their work in farming. their subordination to their families, their accepted roles, and poor hygiene with poorly equipped housing and environmental sanitation. 2. Objectives and Contents a. The health status of rural women : physical and mental complaints, experience of pesticides intoxication, Farmer's syndrome, experiences of reproductive health problems. b. participation in and attitudes towards housework and farming c. accessibility of medical care d. status of maternal health : fertility, family planning practice. induced abortion, and maternal care 3. Research method A nationwide field survey, based on stratified random sampling, was conducted during July, 1986. Revised Cornell Medical index(68 out of 195 items). Kawagai's Farmers Syndrome Scale, and self-developed structured questionnaires were used to rural farming wives(n=2.028). aged between 26-55. 4. Characteristics of the respondents mean age : 40.2 marital status : 90.8% married mean no. of household : 4.9 average years of education : 4.7 yrs. average income of household : \235,000 average years of residence in rural area : 36.4 yrs average Working hours(household and farming) : 11 hrs. 23 min 5. Health Status of rural women a. The average number of physical and mental symptoms were 12.4, 4.7, and the rate of complaints were 22.1%, 38.8% each. revealing complaints of mental symptomes higher than physical ones. b. 65.4% of rural women complained of more than 4 symptoms out of 9, indicating farmer's syndrome. 11.9 % experienced pesticide overdue syndrome c. 57.6% of respondents experienced women-specific health problems. d. Age and education of respondents were the variables which affect on the level of their health 6. Utilization of medical services a. The number of symptoms and complaints of respondents were dependent on the distance to where the health-care service is given b. Drug store was the most commonly utilized due to low price and the distance to reach. while nurse practitioners were well utilized when there were nurse practitioner's office in their villages. c. Rural women were internalized their subordination to husbands and children, revealing they are positive(93%) in health-care demand for-them but negative(30%) for themselves d. 33.0% of respondents were habitual drug users, 4.5% were smokers and 32.3% were alcohol drinkers. and 86.3% experienced induced-abortion. But most of them(77.6%) knew that those had negative effects on health. 7. Maternal Health Care a. Practice rate of contraception was 48.1% : female users were 90.9% in permanent and 89.6% in temporary contraception b. Induced abortions were taken mostly at hospital(86.3%), while health centers(4.7%), midwiferies(4.3%). and others(4.5%) including drug stores were listed a few. The repeated numbers of induced abortion seemed affected on the increasing numbers of symptoms and complaints. c. The first pre-natal check-up during first trimester was 41.8%, safe delivery rate was 15.6%, post-natal check-up during two months after delivery. Rural women had no enough rest after delivery revealing average days of rest from home work and farming 8.3 and 17.2. d. 86.6% practised breast feeding, showing younger and more educated mothers depending on artificial milk 8. Recommendations a. To lessen the multiple role over burden housing and sanitary conditions should be improved, and are needed farming machiner es for women and training on the use of them b. Health education should begin at primary school including health behavior and living environment. c. Women should be encouraged to become policy-makers as well as administrators in the field of women specific health affairs. d. Women's health indicators should be developed and women's health surveillance system too.