• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.245-256
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• 2021

Background and objective: The vitalization of urban agriculture has increased various forms of experience-based education using school gardens, which raised the importance of school gardens in terms of value as well as the need to develop an implementation system for education-based agricultural experience service using school gardens. Thus, we reset the evaluation indicators from the previous study to establish objective evaluation indicators that enable quantitative comparison of school garden education services. Methods: Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and direct question (DQ) surveys were conducted on 20 experts from October 12 to 19, 2020 after establishing the purpose and subjects of evaluation, and then the weights were calculated using the Expert Choice 2010 program. Results: First, we analyzed the problems of the previous indicators by categorizing the performance indicators and comparing and verifying them with six requirements of valuation. Then, we added 'welfare values' and established sub-indicators accordingly. The importance of value indicator in AHP was in the order of education values (0.544), health values (0.182), welfare values (0.164), environmental values (0.062), and economic values (0.049). The importance of environmental and economic values was relatively low, less than 0.1. The importance of sub-indicators was highest in cultivating character (0.144), followed by enhancing ecological sensitivity (0.141) > promoting mental health (0.134) > cultivating agricultural literacy (0.120) > improving social skills (0.104). And mitigating climate change in environmental values was lowest (0.009). Increase in income was the lowest (0.036). This can be regarded as the expression of change to increase the educational effect based on collective life and the connotative meaning of 'school'. In the case of DQ, the AHP weight and order were the same, but the environmental and economic values were relatively low, and the result was different from AHP weight. For sub-indicators, the importance in DQ was highest in promoting mental health (0.136), followed by promoting physical health (0.085), ]cultivating character (0.082), social integration (0.072), and enhancing ecological sensitivity (0.071). After reviewing related experts, we came up with 5 evaluation indicators and 16 sub-indicators for school garden education service, which are objective evaluation indicators that enable quantitative comparison. Conclusion: In the future, we will validate the socioeconomic values of school garden education services and contribute to revitalizing school gardens by establishing policy alternatives for effective operation and management of school gardens.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

This study was designed to examine agro-healing services and programs provided and operated by farms in Korea. The results of the analysis of the agro-healing programs and operation of farms were as follows. The purpose of the operation of farms was to raise productivity by managing farms in a cooperative way through agricultural production, education and healing, and to raise income by processing and selling agricultural products. It was difficult to access farms by public transport and thus visitors had to use their own cars. The size of farms varied. The main resources utilized in the surveyed programs were plants, rural environments and landscapes, and agricultural products. The programs were conducted using resources that were commonly found in rural areas. Facilities on each farm were equipped with facilities (indoor and outdoor learning place, gardens, vegetable gardens, orchards, etc.) and convenience facilities (parking lots, drinking fountains, kiosks, etc.) to support program operation. However, facilities for the handicapped and accommodation facilities were insufficient. The programs operated on each farm utilized agricultural resources, farm produce, and rural resources and were classified into activities such as making, feeling, and growing. The average number of people who operated the family-centered program was 2-3, having qualifications such as welfare horticultural therapists, forest interpreters, experience instructors, and social workers. In addition, they had expertise in medicinal food, dietary life, and social welfare, and they also had essential expertise required to operate programs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.197-201
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• 2007

In recent years in Japan, derelict land by aging fanners has increased at the same time as the desire of city dwellers for a more natural, leisurely lifestyle. In response, an increasing number of citizens' farms(or 'allotment gardens') have opened in and around urban areas. Citizens' farms with overnight accommodation are known as 'kleingartens'. As a case study, we evaluated a kleingarten in the town of Suo-oshima by interviewing the resident caretaker and conducting a questionnaire survey of facility users. Our survey revealed a number of ways in which the facility could be improved to meet user needs. The case study also suggested that kleingartens are an effective means of revitalizing local communities in rural areas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2006

This study analyzed greenspace structure focused on greenspace areas and vegetation structure for Yanggu, investigated resident attitudes to the greenspace, and explored strategies to improve greenspace functions in a rural region. Woody plant cover was approximately 29% for parks and only 3% for commercial gardens. The amount of planting for Yanggu was poor, as compared with the results of similar studies for urban areas. Trees, of which dbh was below 20cm, accounted for 91% of all trees and the tree-age structure was largely characterized by a young, growing tree population. Based on the analysis of mean importance values (MIV) of woody plant species, only a few were different in dominant species from urban areas. Four species among 10 species with highest MIV in Yanggu were very common species also ranked among 10 in cities. The most dominant species planted in residential and commercial gardens were practical plants such as fruit or edibles. Greenspace covered about 69% of parks, 39% of residential gardens, 37% of institutional gardens, 24% of streets, and 15% of commercial gardens, respectively. Tree planting potential revealed that present woody plant cover can be increased additionally by 6 times in the streets and by 2 times in the residential and commercial gardens. Based on the results of greenspace structure, planting patterns, and questionary investigation, some strategies were suggested to enlarge greenspace including its environmental functions. They included identifying each street section through setting up themes and planting appropriate species, creating multilayered vegetation structures, and promoting planting in bare grounds of gardens and around a buildings for saving energy.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.473-484
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the patterns of farming materials required for creating and operating elementary school vegetable gardens and to propose a plan for vitalizing business related to urban agriculture. As a result of the survey, the farming materials purchased most for the operation of the school gardens were seeds materials focused on seedlings, compost/fertilizer, and farming tools focused on trowels, sprinklers, and hoes. Purchases of farming materials were made mostly through the internet, while most purchases of seedlings were made in pesticide stores. Therefore, it is necessary to provide information and education related to the use of farming materials. Thus, establishment and maintenance of highly accessible and reliable internet sources are recommended to provide the lists of farm products necessary as well as related information to help users in purchase and use in order to create and operate the school garden. In order to supply high-quality seedlings, it is necessary to provide information and education on the kinds of seedlings, management, cultivation, delivery methods, and the like, focusing on pesticide stores producing and distributing seedlings. Providing such information for participants will improve their satisfaction. Also, if businesses related to urban agriculture use these study results in producing, preparing, managing and selling seedlings and farming materials, they will also be able to generate profits and vitalize urban agriculture.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.613-623
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the set up and running status of school gardening at elementary schools in Jeollabuk-do. Among 416 elementary schools in Jeollabuk-do, 164 schools (39.4%) had school gardens. Ninety-seven schools in cities and 67 in counties had school gardens. The total area and school garden size at schools in Jeollabuk-do were $45,490m^2$ and $277m^2$ per school, respectively, as well as $1.6m^2$ per students. School gardens varied in type, and percentages of outdoor and off-campus gardens were 67.2% and 17.2%, respectively. There were differences in the set up, type of garden, annual operating budget, and participants in school garden programs according to the location (city or county) of the school The installation and automation of facilities in the garden (such as greenhouse, tool shed, resource recycling facility, etc.) were poor. Most schools grew various kinds of plants, including vegetables, crops, ornamentals, and fruits. Teachers most often operated school gardens and taught students. Teachers had difficulty managing school gardens due to absence of knowledge about sustaining gardens. Most respondents reported the need for a school garden training program. Sixty-one percent of schools reported that the garden was used for academic instruction, especially during class. The majority of respondents agreed that school gardens have a positive effect and wanted to increase classes related to school gardens. Accordingly, in order to sustain school gardens and maximize their effects, systematic and customized support is needed that considers the characteristics and circumstances of the school. The facilities and features of the garden should be improved, and the school garden training program for teachers should attempt to reduce the effort required to manage the garden and increase utilization efficiency. In addition, participation of garden coordinators, parents, and community volunteers in managing gardens and implementing garden lessons is required.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.659-672
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• 2008

There is a need to develop diverse cultivation species with reference to the favorites and farming experiences of allotment garden participants, in addition to the crops being cultivated in the gardens. In this study, therefore, a survey on the status of cultivation and the demand for herb crops for the garden participants was conducted. Current trend of the programmes related to allotment garden for city dwellers, executed by various relevant organizations was analyzed. A questionnaire was accomplished by adult participants experiencing farming in allotments. Likewise, interview with farm proprietors was conducted. The results showed that the number of crop species cultivated in allotments was about ten species. The purchase of seeds and nursery plants was mainly dependent on the farmland proprietors. The selection of the crops was made by both wife and husband. The status of herb utilization indicated that 5.7% of participants were cultivating or had cultivated herb plants. Sixty-two percent of participants were not cultivating herb plants because they did not know how. The purposes of using herbs were for medicine and beauty (22.0%), for spices (22.0%) and for enjoyment (29.0%). Thirty-four percent (34.0%) of participants were interested or would like to use the herbs in the future for medicine and beauty, 39.0% for spices and 31.7% for enjoyment. It is expected that the demand for herbs would increase. Also, 78.3% of participants had the intension or had taken into consideration to cultivate the herb plants, if the farmland proprietors would provide the plants. And, they had interest in planting, management and post harvest utilization and if a reference material would be provided as well. An approach to plant new crops might be possible to those who have more than four years of farming experience and possess relatively high level of cultivation techniques. In conclusion, the favorable crop cultivation strategy corresponding to the participants' abilities; and rental process were essential for the sustainable operation of allotment gardens and expanded number of participants. Moreover, there is a need to pay attention to the city dwellers who have a lot of farming experiences in allotment gardens to maintain agriculture and rural community. This is so, because they are interested in agriculture and rural community and most of them replied that they had intentions to move to rural areas in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.36-48
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• 2018

This study surveyed 599 elementary schools in Seoul to provide measures for the quantitative expansion and sustainable operation of environmentally-friendly school garden. Of all schools, 161 schools had formed and were operating school gardens. The total area of school gardens was $166,901m^2$ and the mean area was $131.2m^2$ in elementary, junior high and high schools in Seoul. Meanwhile, the total area of school gardens was $65,493m^2$ and the mean area was $363m^2$ in 161 schools that participated in the survey, indicating $1.15m^2$ per student. Of these schools, 11.8% were operating gardens themselves, while 50.3% were operating gardens that had been newly renovated or environmentally improved by institutional support projects after initially managing gardens themselves. According to the locations of school gardens, mixed-type gardening (a combination of school gardening and container vegetable gardening) accounted for 34.8%, followed by school gardening at 32.9%, container vegetable gardening at 29.2%, and suburb community gardening at 3.1%. Those in charge of garden operations were teachers at 51.6%, comprising the largest percentage. Facilities built when forming the garden included storage facilities for small-scale greenhouses and farming equipment at 26.1%, accounting for the largest percentage. No additional facilities constructed accounted for 21.7%. The greatest difficulty in operating gardens was garden management at 34.2%. The most needed elements for the sustainable operation of gardens were improvement in physical environment and the need for hiring a paid garden, each accounting for 32%. The most important purpose for school gardening was creating educational environments (81.6%). The major source for gaining information on garden management was consultation from acquaintances (67.8%). Schools that utilize plant waste from gardens as natural fertilizers accounted for 45.8% of all schools. Responses to the impact of operating school gardens for educational purpose were positive in all schools as 'very effective' in 63.2% and 'effective' in 36.8%. This study was meaningful in that it intended to identify the current status of the operation of school gardens in elementary schools in Seoul, support the formation of school gardens appropriate for each school with sustainable operation measures, implement a high-quality education program, develop teaching materials, expand job training opportunities for teachers in charge, devise measures to support specialized instructors, and propose the need for a garden management organization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2011

This Study has intended to extract traditional elements for making Korean traditional garden through survey on theexperts and practitioners of landscape architecture. The survey form includes questions about representative type of traditional garden, representative elements of traditional garden, and necessary elements for making traditional garden, etc. The results are as follows; 1) the representative type of Korean traditional gardens are palace and villa gardens. 2) the available traditional facilities should be applicable with contemporary culture only maintaining the original form. 3) the major traditional facilities are water-scape such as ponds and mountain streams with traditional pavilions. 4) plants should be selected in spontaneous plants in Korea but it is possible to introduce species recorded in old documents. It is difficult to suggest the method of layout and design strategies in this study, but continuous studies in this line will be helpful to designing Korean traditional garden suitable in contemporary landscape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1996

This study examines the development and management of the Herb Island in Japan, and explores influences of the herb garden on a rural community. The result suggested that the development of a herb garden can make a major impact on a rural community's econmoic stability and growth, and low-input cultivation of herbs serves to the ecosystem and soil conservation. In order to foster the herb industry in Korea, three aspcets should be considered. These are as follows. 1. Selection of suitable kinds of herbs and sites for Korean natural environment,and planning for proper landuse should be carried out first. 2. Proper policies for a herb garden to help local economy should be established. 3. Development of programs and experts on environmental education should be included in planning herb gardens in order to contribute to natural environment preservation.