• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of root-end filling material filled in blood contaminated root-end cavity and self-etching adhesive placed over blood contaminated resected root apices without root-end preparation. Extracted, human maxillary incisors, canines and mandibular premolar were randomly divided into four groups of 15 teeth each. After canal preparation, resection of the apex and root-end preparation, MTA and IRM were filled in the root-end cavity (A and B group). After canal preparation and resection of the apex, Clearfil SE Bond and Prompt L-Pop were applied over the contaminated root-end surfaces (C and D group). The roots were then subjected to 15cm of water pressure to simulate periapical microleakage stress. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. All groups showed a tendency of decreasing microleakage in process of time after 2weeks later except IRM group. 2. After 2 weeks and 1 month, MTA group showed less microleakage significantly than other groups(p<0.05). After 2 months, Prompt L-Pop group showed less microleakage significantly than other groups(p<0.05). 3. After 9 months, there were no significant differences among four groups(p>0.05). Thus it is considered that apical sealing using adhesives system without root-end preparation is good method in endodontic surgery.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.556-564
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• 2017

Endodontic surgery is a procedure to treat apical periodontitis or abscess in cases that did not heal after nonsurgical treatment or retreatment. This might include situations with persistent intracanal infection after root canal treatment. Other reasons might be found in extraradicular infection, such as bacterial biofilm on the apical root surface or bacteria within the lesion. For many years, the treatment standard was the traditional approach with surgical burs and amalgam for root-end filling. Endodontic microsurgery is the most recent step in the evolution of endodontic surgery, applying not only ultrasonic tip and biocompatible filling materials but also incorporating high-power magnification and illumination. Although many studies have been published that advocate the use of modern technique, the traditional techniques are still widely used in the surgery community. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the endodontic microsurgery procedure including the root-end preparation and filling with the use of a surgical operating microscope.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.276-281
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the cutting efficiency of a newly developed microprojection tip and a diamond-coated tip under two different engine powers. Materials and Methods: The apical 3 mm of each root was resected, and root-end preparation was performed with upward and downward pressure using one of the ultrasonic tips, KIS-1D (Obtura Spartan) or JT-5B (B&L Biotech Ltd.). The ultrasonic engine was set to power-1 or -4. Forty teeth were randomly divided into four groups: K1 (KIS-1D / Power-1), J1 (JT-5B / Power-1), K4 (KIS-1D / Power-4), and J4 (JT-5B / Power-4). The total time required for root-end preparation was recorded. All teeth were resected and the apical parts were evaluated for the number and length of cracks using a confocal scanning micrscope. The size of the root-end cavity and the width of the remaining dentin were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and a Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was no significant difference in the time required between the instrument groups, but the power-4 groups showed reduced preparation time for both instrument groups (p < 0.05). The K4 and J4 groups with a power-4 showed a significantly higher crack formation and a longer crack irrespective of the instruments. There was no significant difference in the remaining dentin thickness or any of the parameters after preparation. Conclusions: Ultrasonic tips with microprojections would be an option to substitute for the conventional ultrasonic tips with a diamond coating with the same clinical efficiency.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.449-456
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sealing effect of several root-end filling materials using spectrophotometric analysis. 180 single root teeth with one canal were instrumented and canal filled. Root resected and root end preparation was made. Teeth were randomly classified to S experimental group(MTA, EBA, IRM, TCP, ZOE) and 1 control group according to root-end filling material MTA group used PRO ROOT MT A, EBA group used Super EBA. TCP group used NEW APATITE LINER TYPE II main component of which is ${\alpha}-tricalcium$ phosphate (TCP). According to manufacture's instruction experimental material was mixed and retrfilled. After 2% methylene blue solution penetration absorbance for each test sample was measured with spectrophotometer (JASCO UV-530, Japan). The mean absorbance of control and experimental group was as follows; MTA: 0.092, IRM: 0.226, Super EBA: 0.255, ZOE: 0.374, Control: 0.425, TCP: 0.501 and the result analyzed by Turkey test at P=0.05 level. Conclusions of this study are as follows; 1. The absorbance increase in following sequence MTA, IRM, Super EBA, ZOE, Control. TCP. 2. MTA showed the least leakage but was not significant with IRM or Super EBA and was significant with control or TCP(p<0.05). 3. TCP had the most leakage and was not significant with control group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.546-559
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 초음파를 이용하여 치근단 역충전와동을 형성하는 경우 와동형성의 효율과 치질의 균열 발생을 알아보기 위함이다. 발거된 상악 제 1 대구치 원심협측 치근 91개를 대상으로 치근단 3 mm를 치아의 장축에 직각되게 절단 제거한 다음 저속 round bur를 사용한 군을 대조군으로 하고 제 1에서 제 10까지의 출력 각 단계의 stainless steeel 초음파 기구를 이용한 군을 실험군으로 하여 치근단 역충전 와동을 형성하고 각 치근단 역충전 와동을 형성하는 데 소요되는 시간 및 stroke 수를 측정하였으며, 역충전와동 형성 전후의 치아 균열 발생을 fiberoptic을 이용한 입체현미경으로 측정 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 초음파의 출력 단계가높을수록 역충전와동을 형성하는데 소요된 시간 및 stroke 수가 감소 하였으며 (p<0.001) 감소되는 양상은 선적 관계를 보였다 (p<0.001). 제7에서 제 10 단계까지의 고출력의 초음파 기구로 와동 형성한 군에서는 저속 round bur로 와동 형성한 군이나 제 1 단계에서 제 3 단계까지의 저출력 초음파 군, 제 4 단계에서 제 6 단계까지의 중출력 초음파 군에 비해 치아 균열의 발생 빈도가 유의하게 높게 나타났고 (p<0.01), 저속 round bur, 저출력의 초음파 기구 그리고 중출력의 초음파 기구로 형성한 군 사이에는 치아 균열의 발생 빈도에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다 (p>0.05). 고출력의 초음파를 이용한 경우에, 와동형성전에 균열이 이미 존재했던 치아에서는 균열이 존재하지 않았던 치아에서보다 와동형성 후 균열이 유의하게 많이 발생하였다(p<0.001). 저출력의 초음파를 이용한 경우에, 초기 근단공의 크기가 작았던 경우가 근단공의 크기가 컸던 경우에 비해 와동형성 후 균열이 유의하게 많이 발생하였다 (p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.515-524
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• 1998

치근단 역충전 와동 형성을 위한 초음파 다이아몬드 기구의 임상적 적용의 타당성 및 특성을 평가하기 위한 연구의 일환으로, 다이아몬드 기구로 형성된 치근단 역충전 와동의 와벽 형태 및 와동 정화도를 관찰하여 스테인레스 스틸 기구의 것과 비교하였다. 초음파 기구로 형성된 와동의 와벽형태를 평가하기 위하여 발거된 상악 제 1 대구치 치근에서 근관을 형성하고 gutta-percha로 충전한 다음 근단 3mm부위를 치아 장축에 직각되게 절제하고 초음파 다이아몬드 기구 및 초음파 스테인레스 스틸 기구로 역충전 와동을 형성하였으며, 형성된 치근단 역충전 와동내벽의 정화도를 평가하기 위해서 와벽의 잔존 잔사 및 도말층의 양을 측정, 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 다이아몬드 기구로 형성된 와동의 와벽 형태는 다이아몬드 입자에 의해 긁힌 자국이 선명한 양상을 특정적으로 보인 반면, 스테인레스 스틸 기구로 형성된 와동의 와벽은 계단식의 층을 특정적으로 보여 주었다. 다이아몬드 기구로 형성된 와동에서는 스테인레스 스틸 기구 와동에 비해 내벽 도말층의 량이 유의하게 많이 나타났다 (p<0.01).

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제45권6호통권457호
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• pp.362-369
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the hybrid instrumentation method with ProTaper and ProFile on the change of root canal area and distance from the canal to the root surface after canal shaping. The mesial canals of twenty extracted mandibular first molars having $10-20^{\circ}\Delta$ curvature were scanned using X-ray microcomputed tomography (XMCT)-scanner before root canals were instrumented. They were divided into four groups (n=10 canals ter group). In Group 1, root canals were instrumented by the step-back technique with stainless steel K-Flexofile after coronal flaring. The remainders were instrumented by the crown-down technique with, ProTaper system (Group 2), ProFile (Group 3) or ProTaper (Group 4). All canals were prepared up to size 25 at the end-point of preparation and scanned again. Pre- and post-operative cross-sectional images of 1, 3, 5, and 7 mm from the apical foramen were compared. For each level, change of cross-sectional canal are and distance to the nearest external root surface was calculated using Adobe Photoshop 6.0 and image software program. In the change of cross-sectional area, Group 4 was less than Group 2 at 3 mm and 5 mm level (p<0.05). In the difference of the distance from the canal to the root surface after canal shaping, Group 4 was least among the other groups at 7 mm level (p<0.05). According to the results, the methods using ProFile or K file only and the hybrid instrumentation technique using ProTaper and ProFile are more appropriate methods of canal preparation than ProTaper system for narrow of curved canals.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.54-67
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• 1998

치근단 역충전 와동 형성을 위한 초음파 다이아몬드 기구의 임상적 적용의 타당성 및 특성을 평가하기 위해, 다이아몬드 기구의 상아질 삭제능력, 역충전 외동 형성효율 및 치질에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 스테인레스 스틸 기구와 비교, 평가하였다. 치근단 역충전 와동 형성시 다이아몬드 기구와 스테인레스 스틸 기구를 발거된 소의 치아에서 노출시킨 상아질 표변에 일정한 출력과 시간 조건 하에서 작동시켜 상아질 표면으로부터의 삭제된 깊이를 측정하였다. 역충전 와동 형성효율을 평가하기 위하여 발거된 상악 제 1 대구치 치근에서 근관을 형성하고 gutta-percha로 충전한 다음 근단 3mm부위를 치아 장축에 직각되게 절제하고 초음파 기구의 와동형성 소요 시간 및 소요 stroke 수를 측정하였다. 초음파 기구를 이용한 와동 형성이 치질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 초음파 와동 형성 전후의 치근단부 치질의 균열 발생빈도를 측정, 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. $\cdot$ 저출력 또는 중출력에서 그리고 노출된 상아질에 수직 또는 수평으로 기구를 적용한 경우 모두에서, 다이아몬드 기구가 스테인레스 스틸 기구에 비해 높은 상아질 삭제효과를 나타내었다(p<0.01). $\cdot$ 초음파기구를 상아질 표면에 수직으로 적용한 경우에 출력이 높을수록 상아질 삭제효과가 우수하였으며, 수평으로 적용한 경우에는 출력에 따른 유의한 증가가 나타나지 않았다(p<0.01). $\cdot$ 중출력에서는 다이아몬드 기구가 스테인레스 스틸 기구에 비해 와동형시 소요되는 stroke 수와 시간으로 본 와동형성효율이 유의하게 우수하게 나타났다(p<0.05). $\cdot$ 저출력에서는 다이아몬드 기구가 스테인레스 스틸 기구에 비해 외동형성 후 치근단 균열 발생빈도가 유의하게 적게 나타났다(p<0.01).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.536-545
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 초음파를 이용하여 치근단역충전와동을 형성하는 경우 와동 내벽의 정화도 및 형태를 평가하기 위함이다. 발거된 상악 중절치 20개를 대상으로 근관충전 후 치근단 3 mm를 치아 장축에 직각되게 절단 제거한 다음, 저속의 round bur를 이용한 군을 대조군으로 하고 제2 및 제6 의 출력 단계의 초음파를 이용한 군을 실험군으로 하여 치근단 역충전와동을 형성하고 주사전자현미경 하에서 근관 잔사 및 도말층의 분포와 와벽형태를 검사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 제2 및 제6의 출력 단계의 초음파 기구로 형성한 역충전와동에서는 저속 round bur로 형성한 와동에 비해 도말층의 분포는 적은 것으로 나타났고 (p<0.01), 근관 잔사의 량에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 저속 round bur로 형성된 와동은 비교적 평활한 와벽을 보인 반면, 초음파로 형성된 와동에서는 계단식의 층을 보이는 와벽의 양상을 나타내었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the sealing ability of various retrograde filling materials by using bacterial penetration and dye penetration test. One hundred and forty extracted human teeth with single, straight canals and mature apiece were collected and used for this study. All canals were instrumented using an engine driven Ni-Ti file (ProFile). After removing 3mm from the apex of tooth, a standardized 3mm root end cavity was prepared using an ultrasonic instrument. The 70 teeth were randomly divided into 7 groups : 6 groups for retrograde filling using Super-EBA, ZOE, Chelon-Silver, IRM, ZPC and amalgam. The 7th group was used as a negative control. Nail varnish was applied to all external root surfaces to the level of the reseated root ends to prevent lateral microleakages. The specimens were then sterilized in an ethylene oxide sterilizer for 24 hours. 2 mm of the reseated root was immersed in a culture chamber containing a Tripticase Soy Broth with a phenol red indicator. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 72 hours with suspension of Proteus vulgaris. The culture media were observed every 24hours for color change indicating bacterial contamination. The specimens were observed for 4weeks. The remaining 70 teeth were submitted to a dye penetration test. The canals of all teeth were first sealed with AH26 and obturated using an Obtura II system. Root resection, root end preparation and retrograde filling was performed as above. All specimens were suspended in 2% methylene blue dye for 72 hours before being ion gitudinally split. The degree of dye penetration was then measured using a stereomicroscope at 10 magnification and evaluated. The results were as floows : 1. In the bacterial penetration, the degree of leakage was the lowest in the Super-EBA, followed by, in ascending order, ZOE, Chelon-Silver IRM and ZPC. The amalgam showed highest bacterial leakage of all(p<0.01). 2. In the dye penetration, the degree of microleakage was the lowest in the Chelon-Silver and Super-EBA, followed by, in ascending order, IRM, ZPC. The ZOE and amalgam showed the highest microleakage of all (p<0.05). These results suggested that the eugenol based cement, Super-EBA, have excellent sealing ability as a retrograde filling material.