• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2004

The industrialization of central Europe more than 100 ago marked the beginning of densely concentrated buildings in quickly growing cities. A cheap type of roofing material of that time was tar. But it was dangerous because it was high inflammable. Then some roofer had a splendid idea. They used sandy material as a final layer atop the impermeable tar layer. These roofs were much more fire resistant than the typical roofs. In this sandy layer some plant species began to grow spontaneously. This was the beginning of the green roof history of modern Europe. A number of these green roofs survived both world wars. In the early 80's in Berlin alone, 50 such buildings existed and they continued to be waterproof until the present day. Since the 1992 Earth Summit of 1992 in Rio de Janeiro(http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/basic_info/unced.html) the term "sustainable development" became of central interest of urban designers. In city regions green roofs had become synonymous with this term. With a small investment, long-lasting roofs can be created. Further back in history, more exciting examples of green roofs can be found. The hanging gardens of antiquity are well-known. There are also green roofs built as insulation against cold and heat all over the world. For over 20 years, roof greening in central Europe has been closely examined for various reasons. Roof greening touches several different disciplines. Of primary interest is the durability of the roofs. But ecologists are also interested in green roofs, for instance in biodiversity research. The beneficial effect of greening on water proofing was also proven. For some time, the issue of fire protection was investigated. According to tests, green roofs received a harsh careful rating. Their fire protective property is considered similar to that of tile roofs. Another recent impulse for the green roof movement in Germany has come from the evident improvement of storm water retention and the reduced burden on the sewer system. The question of whether and how much energy green roofs can save has become an urgent question. The state of the research and also various open questions from a central European point of view will be discussed in the context of international collaboration. Apart from academic considerations, those who involve themselves in this issue take a predominantly positive view of the numerous existing green roofs in Germany. In some cities, green roofs are the typical construction technique for new buildings. A few outstanding examples will conclude this review. In Germany, about 20 companies, some of which operate internationally, specialize in green roof consulting. Learning from each other in an open-ended way with respect to different construction techniques and applications in various climatic regions can only be accomplished through such international collaboration as is taking place here.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 1992

Rats and Cockroaches are the most problematic pests of our living environment, Rats generally fall under three categories, namely, the Norway rats, the roof rats and the mouses, Among these three types, the roof rats are increasing rapidly in number and their habitats are spreading quickly in the city area, where as the Norway rats are decreasing both in number and habitat. There are numerous damages that these pests create in our society, The rat induce damages to computers and other information processing equipments, sometimes cause light-out, and other financial losses and other sanitary problems. The cockroaches, apart from inducing serious sanitary problems, is an insect that creates insectophobia. decently, it has been revealed that cockroaches are also the main carriers of allergic diseases. Among the pesticides employed against rats in Korea, Beta - fluoro acetate(1080) was initially used after the National Liberalization. Later, the Korean government imported anticoagulant rodenticide for its control. This was followed by a brief, unsuccessful utilization of Zinc Phosphide. Since the begin of 1980s, with the advent of pest control companies, first generation anticoagulant rodenticide were developed in Korea and recently followed by a widespread use of pesticide that utilizes second generation anticoagulant material, the "Brodifacoum" . Among insecticides employed against cockroaches, "Fenitrothion" "Dusban" "DDVP" "Diazinon" and others have been used. They were gradually being replaced by the use of synthesised pyrethroid insecticides until recently. Today there is a wide spread use of bait poisons, the "hydramethylnon" Nevertheless, full prevention and control can not be realized with the sole use of the pesticides. In the future, hygine and proofing, combined with affective pest management, must be incorporated in order to bring about more satisfactory and fruitful preventive measures.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2004년도 제5회 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.535-538
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• 2004

최근 공동주택(아파트)의 품질에 대한 관심이 높아지고, 대형 구조물들이 건축물의 옥상부분을 활용하려는 인식의 변화와 더불어 옥상 방수의 재료와 공법에 대하여 관심이 증대되고 있다. 현재 까지 구조물의 유지관리 및 사용상의 편의를 위해 많은 방수 재료 및 공법이 개발되어 왔으나 여러 가지 기존의 방수하자 요인에 대하여 충분히 대응할 수 있는 방수 재료 및 공법이 미흡한 실정이다. 더욱이 옥상 방수에 있어 바탕상태 및 콘크리트의 물리적 거동으로부터 자유로울 수 있는 공법의 개발이 시급한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존의 대표적인 옥상 방수 공법에 대하여 알아보고 문제점을 분석함으로써 옥상 방수 에 대한 새로운 방향으로의 시야를 넓혀보고자 한다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2014

Building has been deteriorated gradually owing to geographic, physical complex and other factors. School living condition has a key role to improve the learning ability, life attitude and qualifications to adopt to social life. Therefore, it is important for school environment to keep the living condition. Repair time and scope of school facilities are required to maintain the function and performance to plan the long term repair. But there are little information about the school maintenance such as repair time and function. In this paper, it aimed at providing the service life to suggest the repair time and scope in the roof-proofing and floor finishing which used the three estimation method in probabilistic approach. The service life has a key role to decide the repair time and to make the plan for the repair maintenance. Results of this study are as follows ; First, the 1st repair time were taken through three methods in probabilistic and deterministic functions to eliminate the estimation bias. Second, the service life is suggested 36 years of an elementary school, 34 years of a middle school and 41 years of a high school. Third, the service life of a floor finishing is 43 years of an elementary, 39 years of a middle school and 41 years of a high school. The above study could not include the detailed information about the materials and repair works. Therefore it needs a further study to reflect the detailed information and to make a repair strategy.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2013

Many activities associated with the construction and habitation of buildings are connected with issues affecting the environment such as global warming, climate change, and consumption of valuable natural resources such as fossil fuels. To minimize negative impacts on the environment, the building industry worldwide has implemented green building practices in many countries. One of the main green strategies is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by residential structures because they are most substantially connected with global warming and climate change. To determine the actual quantity of green house gas emissions caused by the construction and use of a building, it is important to analyze total greenhouse gas emissions over the life cycle of buildings including construction, operation & maintenance(O&M) and demolition stages. Many studies suggest methods to calculate greenhouse gas emissions at the construction stage, but the literature addressing greenhouse gas emissions at the O & M stage is limited. A year-long study was conducted utilizing the deterioration method to calculate greenhouse gas emissions at the O & M stage of building life for condominium types of buildings in South Korea. Through this research, it is possible to analyze greenhouse gas emissions of buildings at the O & M stage, the longest span of the life cycle, and eventually help to calculate total greenhouse gas emissions over the life cycle of the building.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권34호
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• pp.110-122
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• 2013

정선 정암사 수마노탑의 부재는 탄산염암 중에서 돌로마이트이다. 이 탑은 전면에 걸쳐 백화에 의한 화학적 풍화가 진행되고 있고 기단부와 5층 이상의 옥개에서 부재간의 이격이 관찰되고 있다. 또한 부재 이격사이로 생물학적 풍화가 진행되고 있으며 3,5,6,7층 옥개에서 이탈부재가 관찰된다. 건 습식세척으로 생물과 백화일부를 제거하고, 스팀세척으로 잔여백화를 제거하였으며 기단부의 녹흔은 옥살산을 사용한 습포법으로 제거하였다. 이탈부재는 L-30과 Por-rok을 사용하여 고정시켰고, 기단부와 5층 이상의 옥개상부는 Por-rok을 사용하여 방수처리 하였다. 시공 후 방수처리한 구간에서는 백화현상이 나타나는 정도가 미약한것을 확인할 수 있었으므로 방수효과와 동시에 백화저감에도 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2016

최근 인공지반녹화가 주변 생활공간의 쾌적화, 에너지 절약효과, 도시 미관의 환경개선 등의 장점을 갖고 있어 콘크리트 위에 녹화 공간 조성이 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 건축공사 표준 시방서, 건축물 녹화 설계기준 등에서는 방수층의 수밀안정성 확보를 위해 일정 품질 이상의 방근층 설치를 규정하고 있으나, 실제 우리나라의 많은 현장은 방수층 위에 누름콘크리트 타설 후 인공녹화를 시행하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 방근층을 시공하지 않은 현장을 대상으로 지표를 설정하였으며, 누름콘크리트의 균열에 따른 식물의 뿌리가 균열부로 침입 및 관통하여 누름콘크리트 하단부의 아스팔트 방수시트에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2009년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.113-116
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• 2009

This study analyzed fire-resistant characteristics according to changes in repair methods of PFH mixed high-strength concrete roof structures having undergone fire damage. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a repulsive characteristics of structures, the remaining repulsion was shown to increase following fire-resistance tests according to increases in depth of coverings. The results of the relationship between depth of coverings and remaining repulsion rates following fire-proofing tests showed a high correlation. At a covering depth of 67.3mm, remaining repulsion rate was estimated to be 100%. For fire-resistant characteristics following repairs of structure, as for spalling, severe separation was shown in the case of general plaster while general plaster + Metal Lath showed overall superior spalling prevention. For internal structure temperatures, general plaster showed max temperatures of 705℃, average temperatures of 636℃ while general plaster + metal lath showed max temperature of 660℃ and average temperature of 520℃, demonstrating lower temperature distributions than use of only general plaster. In conclusion, after removing the covering of structures damaged due to high temperatures of fires within high-strength concrete installations, the use of fire-resistant mortars and applying metal laths on surfaces of general plaster will provide superior fire-resistance performance in the occurrence of a 2nd fire.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.297-311
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• 1998

Landscaping on artificial ground is currently served as a means to imposing a greenery benefit on high-density and high-rise apartment sites. It functions as a sub-hierarchy in apartment planning such as ornamental element from the past. Major parking space tends to be allocated on the basement area in response to the required parking regulation. Therefore, competitive relatioinship between the parking and greenery space I limited outdoor of apartments leads to the development planning strategy and technology of artificial ground. This study aims at evaluating landscape planning on artificial ground of apartment complex through several approaches such as site survey, plan drawing analysis, and interview with related field experts. 15 survey apartment sites including Bundang Model, Shindaebang-dong, Pyoungchon Hyundai Apartments have been selected for conducting the research. Main results of this study are summarized below : First, scattering allocation of artificial ground between apartment building units is a dominant plan layout type among the survey sites. Even though unifying allocation type has an advantage to maximize underground parking space, it has a difficulty in maintaining proper soil ground base for nurturing plants. Therefore, underground parking space should be planned by unifying allocation type placed separately from apartment units. This plan type can provide a balanced planting between soil and artificial ground on surface level. Second, It is strongly recommended to integrate the whole planting base which involves architectural structure, drainage, and water proofing above the planting design. When considering that process as a professional subject dealing with natural material such as trees and shrubs, those tasks should be directed by landscape architectural divison and landscape architect. And planting area for artificial ground has to be specified in initial phase of architectural design. This step provides an opportunity to make a proper decision on structural load, drainage, and water proof design as an integrated part of the management.