• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.17-27
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• 2010

Objectives: Cocaine has been well known as a representative drug of abuse for its strong reinforcing effect linked to the mesolimbic reward system including dopamine, and such reinforcement leads to the addiction. Acupuncture has been used widely in eastern Asia for the treatment of various diseases including mental disorders and psychiatric problems, and is gathering more interest as one of the complementary and alternative medicines in western countries. In a previous study, we demonstrated that acupuncture at HT7 could affect dopamine release in the mesolimbic system of rats sensitized to alcohol and morphine. This study was designed to investigate whether acupuncture at HT7 could attenuate cocaine intake or not. Material & Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 270-300 g at the start of experiment were trained to self-administer food pellets under a fixed ratio 1 schedule. After the success of acquisition of 100 pellets within 3 h for 3 consecutive days, animals were subjected to surgery whereby Silastic tubing was implanted into right jugular vein and secured with mesh under the anesthetization using pentobarbital injection (50 mg/kg, i.p.). Following recovery, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.25 mg/kg) in daily 2 h sessions under fixed ratio 1 schedule over 10 days. Each treatment was performed on the next day of each establishment of baseline. Results: Results show that acupuncture at HT7, but not at control points, reduced cocaine intake significantly. Acupuncture at HT7 decreased selectively active lever response from $63.15{\pm}3.35$ to $51.46{\pm}3.99$ corresponding $82.12{\pm}5.31%$ compared to basal level. Also, it was demonstrated that the effect of acupuncture was mainly occurred at the half period. Nevertheless, acupuncture at HT7 did not influence the food taking behavior. Conclusions: From the results of this study, it may be suggested that acupuncture at HT7, at least in part, could contribute to the treatment of cocaine abuse.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.41
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• pp.357-378
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• 2015

The recent domestic toy market is filled with the fever of 'Turning Mecard' produced as a character product of units showing in . The toy market of the domestic character licensing industry has shown such rapidly changing trends during the period of broadcasting contents like animation or special films targeting children. Through these contents, the characters are cognized, and also the immersion and loyalty can be increased depending on the progress of the story, on top of marketing effect while the animation is broadcasted. This effect is called gamification meaning that consumers voluntarily participate in the contents after receiving fun. Through the purchase of character products, the immersion and loyalty participate in the animation. Thus, this study analyzed the gamification elements by examining the animation and toy products of currently gaining popularity in the toy market. In the results of the study, the story structure of has the sustainment just like game, which is connected to its character product. Therefore, the users who have watched build up the relationship with each other, and the competition and reward can be done through the game using the character products, which is connected to such high immersion and loyalty.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.177-217
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between Program Satisfaction and the leadership types of who participating in the program of village lifelong education leader. The detail goals of this study are to (1) understand the concepts about the training program of village lifelong education leader. (2) study the theory related to the leadership of village lifelong education leader. (3) examine the relation between program satisfaction and leadership types by personal characteristics. The results of this study are as follows: First, there is the significant difference between the transactional leadership and the exceptive management leadership which is the transactional leadership's sub-type in age. Second, there is the significant difference between the exceptive management leadership which transactional leadership's sub-type and charisma leadership that is transformational leadership's sub-type by participated in or not the lifelong education program before. Third, the average value of the transformational leadership is more higher than the transactional leader's average value. Fourth. the ranking of the transformational leaders' activities are as follows; (1) individual relationship (2) spiritual motivation (3) intelligence stimulus (4) charisma. Fifth, the ranking of the transactional leader's activities are as follows; (1) reward to achievement (2) exceptional management.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.11
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• pp.83-100
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• 1998

The objective of our study is to build a theoretical framework for the examination of impacts of cross-functional integration upon new product development performance(NPDP). For this purpose, we have concentrated our efforts on systematically delving into how cross-functional integration factors affect upon the interdepartmental cooperation and upon the NPDP while dividing those critical integration factors into the structural and the infra-structural ones. We have selected interdepartmental job-rotation, consigning of papers, and cross-functional teem meeting as structural cross-functional integration factors. On the other hand, we have chosen Quality Functional Deployment(QFD), Concurrent Engineering(CE), and Evaluation and Reward Systems as those infra-structural cross-functional integration factors. After identifying those integration factors, we have carefully searched the relationship between those integration factors and those cooperation variables (interdepartmental common goal, interdepartmental interactions, and common sharing of ideas and informations) to look into how they affect upon the NPDP. Among cross-functional integration and NPDP related studies, our study is the first to show systematically how strongly infra-structural integration factors affect upon the achievement of interdepartmental cooperation and the improvement of NPDP. Considering the limitation of our resources and time available for this research, we have limited our study to building only a theoretical framework for future empirical studies to look into how cross-functional integration variables are related with NPDP.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.5-22
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• 2004

The notion of independence is currently a focal point in public discourses in relation to the elderly. In most countries, the promotion of independence, not the alleviation of dependence, has been addressed as a priority goal in the formulation of social policies for the elderly and the term of independence is used in policy documents as if it were unproblematic. In most cases, policy documents do not offer a clear definition of independence, but generally the term is interpreted as self-sufficiency and health. Accordingly, in order to promote independence of the elderly, concrete strategies such as employment, social activities, participation, direct payments are being introduced in many advanced countries. This study critically reviews these discourses and strategies, and attempts at developing an understanding of how independence and dependence is constructed in contemporary social policies for the elderly. It is our critical point that we explores the meaning of the independence and dependence from the perspective of the elderly. Findings of this study are as follows: The elderly participated in this study tended to construct the meaning of 'independence' as privacy, self-esteem, autonomy and freedom. They also tended to perceive and interpret, from their perspective, the 'dependence' as a natural law and process, affection among human beings, reward and fruit of their lives, social justice and social responsibility. In this sense current policies for the elderly have not fully reflected the perspective of the elderly. Therefore, it is argued what is important in policy formulations for the elderly is to make efforts to reflect the perspective of the elderly on policy-makings for the elderly in terms of independence and dependence.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.59-76
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose an agent architecture called L-CAA that is quite effective in real-time dynamic environments. L-CAA is an extension of CAA, the behavior-based agent architecture which was also developed by our research group. In order to improve adaptability to the changing environment, it is extended by adding reinforcement learning capability. To obtain stable performance, however, behavior selection and execution in the L-CAA architecture do not entirely rely on learning. In L-CAA, learning is utilized merely as a complimentary means for behavior selection and execution. Behavior selection mechanism in this architecture consists of two phases. In the first phase, the behaviors are extracted from the behavior library by checking the user-defined applicable conditions and utility of each behavior. If multiple behaviors are extracted in the first phase, the single behavior is selected to execute in the help of reinforcement learning in the second phase. That is, the behavior with the highest expected reward is selected by comparing Q values of individual behaviors updated through reinforcement learning. L-CAA can monitor the maintainable conditions of the executing behavior and stop immediately the behavior when some of the conditions fail due to dynamic change of the environment. Additionally, L-CAA can suspend and then resume the current behavior whenever it encounters a higher utility behavior. In order to analyze effectiveness of the L-CAA architecture, we implement an L-CAA-enabled agent autonomously playing in an Unreal Tournament game that is a well-known dynamic virtual environment, and then conduct several experiments using it.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.553-562
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• 2011

This study was purposed to evaluate the level of occupational stress and the work-related factors of occupational stress in dental hygienists. The study was conducted during the period from May to October 2010 with study population consisted of 316 dental hygienists. The occupational stress was estimated with questionnaire of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale(KOSS) and the work-related factors were consisted with 9 work characteristics. Data analysis was performed with t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis using SPSS(win ver 18.0) program. The level of occupational stress was $52.42{\pm}4.95$ in dental hygienists. The levels of sub-scales for occupational stress were $64.56{\pm}12.17$ in interpersonal conflict, $59.85{\pm}13.59$ in physical environment, $54.60{\pm}13.51$ in organizational system, $52.37{\pm}11.47$ in job demand, $51.71{\pm}10.58$ in lack of reward, $48.14{\pm}12.97$ in insufficient job control, $46.68{\pm}9.25$ in job insecurity, $41.46{\pm}15.98$ in occupational climate, respectively. According to multiple regression analysis, physical burden and daily repetitive working hour were work-related factors of occupational stress in dental hygienists. To conclude, the occupational stress in dental hygienists was higher than mean score of reference values of occupational stress in Korean workers and methods for reducing work load and work hours considering work characteristics of dental hygienist are needed to prevent occupational stress in dental hygienists.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.122-146
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• 2010

This purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relation among constituent concepts and verify the relation among internal marketing, service quality and customer satisfaction in shipping companies. To achieve the goal of this study, the author studied literatures on internal marketing, service quality and customer satisfaction, and carried out a survey targeting people working for shipping companies and international logistics freight forwarders to make an empirical analysis. The results are as follows. It was confirmed that education and training, reward system, empowerment among internal marketing elements of a shipping company have a positive effect on the service quality and customer satisfaction of the shipping company, and the service quality of a shipping company also has a positive effect on customer satisfaction. As it can be known from these results, it would be necessary to concentrate on internal marketing of a shipping company in order to increase service quality and customer satisfaction.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.253-265
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• 2011

A number of organizations have had big interests in studies concerning leadership and not only academia but also psychological areas do also. Until now, leadership has been accentuated by managers or team leaders especially. Recently, however, the concept of self-leadership directing one's own activities through self-control or self-management is being focused on in practices and in academia. This study is to investigate the influence between self-leadership strategies as predictors and learning performance in IT classes as dependents variables mediated by attitude of attendance focused on the social science students in two universities (Korea(116 samples) and India(36 samples)). And this research tried to compare difference between two university students. As a result of empirical analysis, Korean learners making an effort by themselves show a tendency to think constructively. Namely, even though the level of difficulty may be high, by positive self-talk, respondents usually make an effort to get high academic performance. In case of Indian respondents, students who are in behavior-oriented show higher academic performance. Research results can give us direction of task-taking attitudes in firms or learning attitudes in teaching organizations and implications to human resource managers who are in charge of improving learning performance or productivity.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2017

This study is executed to investigate convergent factors to Job Satisfaction(JS) among Hospital Administrative Staff(HAS). The survey was administered to 221 staff from 11 general hospitals located in Jeonbuk area from Nov. 1st, 2016 to Jan. 31st, 2017. The structured self-administered questionaries were used. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis shows the following results. The JS of respondents turned out to be significantly higher in following groups: a group without work shift, a group with more employees, a group in which self efficacy is higher, a group in which skill variety in job characteristics is higher, a group in which interpersonal conflict and lack of reward in occupational stress are lower. The results show explanatory power of 61.0%. The results of the study indicate that the efforts, to increase self efficacy, and to manage job characteristics and occupational stress, are required to improve the JS among HAS. The results are expected to be useful for the program and human resource management to related to the JS among HAS. In the following study, the analysis of structural equation modeling about additional factors of the JS among HAS will be needed.