• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2003

This paper proposes a separation and feature extraction of image signals using the independent component analysis(ICA) based on neural networks of efficient learning rule. The proposed learning rule is a hybrid fixed-point(FP) algorithm based on secant method and momentum. Secant method is applied to improve the performance by simplifying the 1st-order derivative computation for optimizing the objective function, which is to minimize the mutual informations of the independent components. The momentum is applied for high-speed convergence by restraining the oscillation in the process of converging to the optimal solution. The proposed algorithm has been applied to the composite images generated by random mixing matrix from the 10 images of $512\times512$-pixel. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better performances of the separation speed and rate than those using the FP algorithm based on Newton and secant method. The proposed algorithm has been also applied to extract the features using a 3 set of 10,000 image patches from the 10 fingerprints of $256\times256$-pixel and the front and the rear paper money of $480\times225$-pixel, respectively, The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has also better extraction speed than those using the another methods. Especially, the 160 basis vectors(features) of $16\times16$-pixel show the local features which have the characteristics of spatial frequency and oriented edges in the images.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1D
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• pp.91-98
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• 2011

Recently, the usage of elastic paving using EPDM Chip instead of pedestrian sidewalk blocks or permeable concrete used mostly for pedestrian walk, trails and in parks has been increassed as it can absorb impact during walking and produce wide range of colors and designs. However, the properties of EPDM Chip including elasticity and durability are decreased when exposed to ultraviolet ray and scenic paving functions through various colors are lowered due to the yellowing phenomenon. In this study, ultraviolet ray accelerated weathering test has been conducted to analyze the color changes in EPDM Chip and polyurethane resin, which are the main ingredients of elastic paving, when exposed to ultraviolet ray. The color differences are quantitatively analyzed through the color value coordination of the colored space by using the color difference scheme. The experimental results show that the color changes in BL polyurethane resin which is used most frequently at present was larger than that of EPDM Chip. Moreover, the total color difference, ${\Delta}E$, of BC polyurethane resin are 3.162 on the $14^{th}$ day of commencement of acceleration, which is 6 times greater color change resistance against ultraviolet ray than that of BL polyurethane resin with total color difference of 20.639. Therefore, the usage of BC polyurethane resin, which is manufactured to have chain-type molecular structure by using the isocyanate as the HMDI at the time of producing polymer, as binder in elastic paving with EPDM Chip is found to be a highly efficient method of restraining the color changes due to the ultraviolet ray.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.25
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• pp.129-144
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the rhetorical features of the Chosun Sijo through researching them. A poem has been made by imagination and rhetorics which are based on the poet's experience. The qualifies of the Poem have been determined by how the poet described the object oddly. So it is essential for the poet to struggle to make embellishments and artistic skills when he or she makes a poem. But the Chosun clerisy ostracized the poet who was trying to do these things mentioned above, which was a kind of special poetic point of view the Chosun clerisy had. They recognized embellishments and artistic skills as a resort to petty trick as a result of their sticking to the external form of the objects. The reason they thought them like this was that the Chosun clerisy thought the embellishments and artistic skills could show the self-pride and self-righteousness. Also, there were concerns on the distortion of the object nature by the artificial concoction. Because they can interrupted and distorted the stream of feeling and the original meaning, the artistic skills mush not be recognized as the artistic skills of itself. As a result, they valued the poem made from restraining the rhetoric and artistic skills. They valued the poem which had common words related people's daily life, but was able to feel the simple Lyricism. The poem based on these features has remains as a work which makes people enjoy the nature, and face their life without any resorts, and which has the natural leeway.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2001

The effect of chitosan and cacium treatment on the quality of satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu Marc. var. miyagawa) during storage were investigated. Citrus fruits treated with 2000-folds diluted iminoctadime-triacetate solution or 1.5% chitosan with 0.5% CaCl$_2$ solution were stored at 4$\^{C}$ and 87$\pm$3% relative humidity, and room temperature without humidity control. Decay ratio of chitosan and calcium treated fruits were lower than the ones with no treatment from the mid of February. Also, citrus fruits treated with chitosan and calcium treated less in weight loss, that seems it was derived from restraining of fruits' transpiration. Soluble solids were maintained higher level in chitosan and calcium treated fruits than with no treatment during the storage. Acid contents were decreased gradually lower in cold storage than in room temperature storage, and there was not showed consistent trend among treatments. 26 kinds of free amino acids among 45 standards such as glutamic acid, threonine, serine, alanine γ-amino buryric acid, aspragine and etc were detected in Citrus unshiu Marc. var. miyagawa. As the storage time was prolonged, free amino acid was disappeared more or less, and the deccreasing extent was less in 4$\^{C}$ than in room temperature storage.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to investigate anti-stress effect of Scutellaria baicalensis(SB). The experiments were performed with the use of young (9 weeks of age) male rats of SD strain and the male ICR mice (20-25 g) at the time of first treatment with SB. Animals of the normal group were not exposed to any stress and the control group were exposed to stress. The rats of the Ginseng, Diazepam(BZ) and SB supplementary group were orally administered once a day 100 mg of red ginseng extract, 5 mg of BZ or 100 mg of SB extract/kg body weight and they were exposed to stress. The mice of the Ginseng, BZ and SB supplementary group were given water containing 200 mg of red ginseng extract, 10 mg of BZ or SB extract/100 ml potable water and exposed to stress. Animals were given supplements for 7 days without stress, and then were given supplement for 5 days with restraining and electroshock stress. We recorded stress related behavioral changes of the experimental animals by stressing them using the Etho-vision system and measured levels of blood corticosterone and IL-2. SB supplementation partially blocked the stress effect on locomotion in the rats and mice, and also partially blocked stress-induced behavioral changes such as freezing, burrowing, grooming, smelling, and rearing behavior in the rats and smelling, grooming, tailing, and rearing in the mice. in elevated plus maze test, the staying time of the stressed rats and mice in the open area decreased while it increased in the closed area. But these changes also partially were blocked by SB-supplementation. SB-supplementation decreased levels of the blood corticosterone which was increased by stress in the rats but did not significantly increase levels of blood interleukin 2 which was decreased by stress in mice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.277-282
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of the rope and the tipping chute restraints on body temperature (BT) and heart rate (HR) as acute response for stress caused by restraining for diagnasis and treatment in cattle. Both parameters were recorded by active biotelemetry. In addition cortisol concentration in blood was analyzed as a indicator for stress response. Twelve cattle were divided into two groups based on hydraulic power, the rope restraint group and the tipping chute restraint group. BT and HR were measured at -30 (base), 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes, including restraint period from 0 to 30 minutes during the experiment. The results obtained in this study was summarized as follows: 1. BT of the rope restraint group was increased ($39.8{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) until 20 min after restraint stress for 30 min, and then maintained with high values to the end of experiment. In the tipping chute restraint group, the BT was increased ($39.6{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) until the end of the restraint period, but then showed decrese until the end of experiment. 2. HR of both groups was maximized at the beginning of the restraint stress (P<0.05), and then it was decreased gradually but in the tipping chute restraint group showed increase again at the end of the reatraint stress (P<0.05). 3. The cortisol level of the rope restraint group was increased significantly ($9.72{\pm}5.09{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) until 30 min after the end of the restraint stress (P<0.05) and then decreased, but in the tipping chute restraint group showed great increase ($4.68{\pm}1.56{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) at the end of the restraint stress (P<0.05) and then decreased while the tipping chute restraint group was significantly lower than the rope restraint group 30 min after the restraint stress (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that the tipping chute restraint produces less response to physical stress than the rope restraint but the time for diagnasis and treatment should be shortened when using the tipping chute restraint.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2004

1. All the male students and female students who had taken these herb medicines showed a strong increase in immunity (P<0.01) and they were more effective to the male students (P<0.01) rather than the female students (P<0.05) (figure 1). Generally, immunity may be reduced at the time of fatigue and overwork but as these herb medicines have the effect of increasing immunity. Therefore, it is considered that they not only reduce the fatigue of human body but also heighten immunity against disease. 2. The students who had taken these herb medicines showed some reduction in Cortisol concentration in blood, which didn't show the difference of concentration up to statistical meaning compared to before taking the medicines (figure 2). Accordingly, it is regarded that these herb medicine drink restrained stress slightly. 3. The students who had taken these herb medicines showed some reduction in BUN concentration in blood, which didn't show the difference of concentration up to statistical meaning compared to before taking the medicines (figure 3). For the women, they restrained the toxicity of the kidneys just a little. Accordingly, it shows that these medicines are safe herb medicines without the toxicity of the kidneys. 4. The students who had taken these herb medicines didn't show the difference of concentration up to statistical meaning in sFOT and sGPT concentration in blood compared to taking them (figure $4{\sim}5$). Accordingly, it is suggested that these medicines are safe stuffs without the toxity of the liver. 5. Seven members of the university students answered to the questionaire that they were pleasant while taking the medicines and didn't feel fatigue. They answered very positively that they had better effects than before taking the medicines in many things (Refer to the Questionaire). However, one male student and two female students of them complained of temporary headache and indigestion for 2 days after taking these herb medicines but they said they had been taking cold medicines due to cold symptom before taking the medicines. Accordingly, it turns out that such temporary symptom is not irrelevant to these medicines. In conclusion, it is considered that these herb medicines have the effects of increasing immunity, restraining fatigue and stress through this clinical study carried out in simple way and that they are valuable as herb medicines without the toxity of the liver and kidneys.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.139-161
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• 2009

This study explored the services of libraries for babies and toddlers and the possibilities of service expansion through Bookstart as a cooperation system for libraries. This study presented the problems of the services of libraries for toddlers by implementing the questionnaire method and the in-depth interviews. In addition, this study showed the impact of carrying-out this program and why libraries should manage the Bookstart program. Results indicated that: (1) even though the membership enrollment standard of children's libraries is usually from babies and toddlers up to the elementary school students, that of a few libraries is still over elementary school students. This will work on restraining the services of libraries for users, especially toddlers, only 54.8% of libraries services are for the toddlers; (2) by analyzing the perception of librarians, we get to know that librarians think that the age of the first use of a library is more appropriate for kindergarten-agers than toddlers; (3) librarians think positively about the Bookstart and that libraries are more suitable for Bookstart than any other institutions; (4) after the introduction of Bookstart to libraries, many changes happened in respect of the function of libraries and the types of users. For examples, there was an expansion of users to babies and toddlers and their parents, an increase in users, focusing on early-childhood reading education and the strengthening of the role of librarians as program planners in particular. This study suggests that the introduction of Bookstart would bring changes to the concept of traditional libraries and the inflexible attitudes of librarians.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.8 s.145
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• pp.1176-1187
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of cooling vests developed for farm workers harvesting red pepper in summer. The study was performed using the following two steps: 1) Climatic chamber test, 2) Field test. For the chamber test, a work environment was simulated as $33^{\circ}C$ and $65\%$RH, and the thermo-physiological and subjective responses were measured with and without cooling vests. Twelve young males participated as subjects. For the field test, three farmers participated while harvesting red pepper on the form, in summer. The measurements used were same as in the chamber test. Subjects were tested without any cooling vests, as a control. They were tested wearing vests with 2 frozen gel packs (CV2: Cooling area, $308cm^2$), and vests with 4 frozen gel packs (CV4: Sooting area, $616cm^2$). As a result of the chamber test, rectal temperature($T_{re}$) and mean skin temperature( $T_{sk}$) were lower in both CVs than in Control, and this tendency was statistically significant in CV4 (p<.05). Clothing microclimate temperature ($T_{clo}$) and total sweat rate (TSR) were significantly lower when wearing cooling vests (p<.05) Heart rate (HR) was also lower in wearing cooling vests than in Control, and the speed of recovery to the comfort level was faster when the subjects wore cooling vests. In addition, subjects felt 'less hot, less humid, and less uncomfortable' in both CVs than in Control. Field tests showed a similar tendency with the chamber tests. In particular, wearing the cooling vest was effective in restraining the raise of $T_{clo}$ on the back. It can be concluded that the cooling vest was effective in alleviating heat strain and discomfort in both the chamber test and the field test, despite the cooling area of the cooling vest being just $3.4\%$ of the body surface area ($616cm^2$).

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Spiral reinforcement in a circular column plays an effective role in the ductile behavior of a column through position fixing and buckling restraining of the longitudinal reinforcement, and confining core-concrete. Each country has suggested the minimum volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement in order to secure the ductility of concrete columns. The minimum volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement suggested by ACI 318-14 and the national concrete structure design standard was developed based on the theory of Richard et al. (1928); furthermore it has been used until now. However, their theory cannot consider the effects of high strength concrete and high strength reinforcement, and arrangement condition of the spiral reinforcement. In this study, a modified minimum volumetric ratio equation is suggested, which is required to improve the ductility of reinforced concrete circular columns and to recover their stress. The modified minimum volumetric ratio equation suggested here considers the effect of the compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of spiral reinforcement, the cross sectional area of columns, the pitch of spiral reinforcements and the diameter of spiral reinforcement. In this paper, the validity of the minimum volumetric ratios from ACI 318-14 and this study was investigated and compared based on the results of uniaxial compression experiment for specimens in which the material strength and the spiral reinforcements ratio were used as variables. In the end of the study, the modification method for the suggested equation was examined.