• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2020

The specialized structure of the upper eyelid ensures complete closure of the eye and eyeball sealing. An upper eyelid injury can cause various symptoms associated with eyeball trauma, not just scar formation or eyelid deformity. In this report, we describe a case of lagophthalmos observed after wound repair in a patient with a crushing injury caused by a grinder. Several surgical techniques are used to treat lagophthalmos or scar contracture. In most cases, a releasing procedure is performed after 6 months of initial repair. However, if the patient has severe symptoms that are not relieved by conservative care, early revision is inevitable. We describe a case of early lagophthalmos successfully resolved with pentagonal wedge resection, fat redistribution, and full-thickness skin grafting. After the revisional surgery, we observed that the patient regained the ability to completely close the injured eyelid, with restoration of function and favorable cosmetic outcomes. Pentagonal wedge resection to release a retracted structure, fat redistribution to prevent readhesion, and full-thickness skin grafting for enough amount of skin to regain upper eyelid function is useful for scar release and lagophthalmos following crushing injuries of the upper eyelid.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.342-345
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• 2007

Purpose: A common side effect of the scalp reduction is a creation of a 'slot' with the hair growing in the opposite directions away from the scar. Overcoming the unnatural appearance of the slot has been a vexing problem in the scalp reduction surgery. None of the conventional corrective surgical techniques provides a complete and satisfactory aesthetic result. The Frechet flap is a triple transposition flap used for the correction of the slot defect secondary to scalp reduction surgery, seldom needing further scar revision. The Frechet technique provides a solution to the problem of the central slot concealment that is unattainable by other means, such as; Z-plasty and mini-graft. Methods: Authors applied the Frechet technique to Asian patients who had undergone scalp reduction and operated on 4 patients from March, 2000 to January, 2001. Average follow-up period was 13 months. Patients with long scars passing through the temporoparietoccipital zone were excluded. All the undermining was performed in the subgaleal plane, reaching the upper auricular sulcus and stopping just above the nuchal ridge. Results: None of the patients experienced infection, hematoma, nor any permanent hair loss. Transient telogen effluvium at the distal end of flap 2 and 3 was noticeable in one case. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results are aesthetically satisfactory without any significant complications.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.671-681
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• 2019

Police officers in charge of investigating sexual assault cases are likely to have suspicions in the process of investigation to find out the truth about the case, which leads to secondary victimization to the victims, and these concerns are often unveiled as social problems. This study suggested the research question that what the causes of secondary victimization derived from the police officers in charge of sexual assault investigation are. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the restoration of the trust of the police by preventing or minimizing the secondary victimization of sexual assault cases in the investigation process. Among the personal characteristics of police officers, rape myth, tolerance n violence and hostile gender discrimination influenced suspicion and prejudice, and rape myth and hostile gender discrimination affected the lack of sensitivity. Among the workplace-related characteristics, the duration of employment and experience in sexual assault cases affects the lack of sensitivity. In addition to the revision of the law and the improvement of the system of sexual assault, the prejudice against the sexual assault inherent in the attitudes and behaviors of the police officers in charge of the sexual assault cases should be improved.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.148-155
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• 2020

Purpose: Minor foot amputations are performed for recurrent or infected ulcers or osteomyelitis of the diabetic feet. Patients may require a large amount of bone resection for wound closure. On the other hand, this results in more foot dysfunction and a longer time to heal. The authors describe fillet flap coverage to avoid more massive resection in selected cases. This study shows the results of fillet flap coverage for the closure of diabetic foot minor amputation. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective case series of patients who underwent forefoot and midfoot amputation and fillet flap for osteomyelitis or nonhealing ulcers between March 2013 to November 2017. In addition, the patient comorbidities, hospital days, complications, and duration to complete healing were evaluated. Results: Fourteen fillet flap procedures were performed on 12 patients. Of those, two had toe necrosis, nine had forefoot necrosis, and three had midfoot necrosis. Eleven forefoot amputations and three midfoot amputations were performed. Among forefoot necrosis after a fillet flap, three patients had revision surgery for partial necrosis of the flap, and two patients had an additional amputation. Two patients had additional amputations among those with midfoot necrosis. By the fillet flap, the amputation size was reduced as much as possible. The mean initial healing days, complete healing days, and hospital stay was 70.6 days, 129.0 days, and 60.0 days, respectively. Conclusion: The fillet flap facilitates restoration of the normal foot contour and allows salvage of the metatarsal or toe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.45-76
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were to investigate and understand the present status of various types of "deserts", such as sand desert, gravel desert, rock desert, earth desert, salt desert, desert, rocky desert, gobi desert, sandy desert, clay desert, etc., and the general countermeasures for the combating "desertification" "desertization", and to develop the technologies on the revegetation and restoration for the combating desertification in China. The methods of this study were mainly composed of field surveys on the several experimental sites and research institutes related to combating desertification in China, and examinations on the various technologies for the combating desertification at the Daxing Experimental Station of Beijing Forestry University. The conclusion from this study may be summarized as follows; 1. Status and tendency of desertification in China : China is one of the countries seriously threatened by desertification. Desertification affected areas in China are mainly distributed in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas in China, covering the most regions of the Northeast China (eastern region of Inner-Mongolia), the northern part of the North China (middle and western region of Inner-Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningsha, Gansu) and the western part of the Northwest China (Xinzang, Qinghai, Xizang). The total area affected by desertification in China is approximately 2.622 million $km^2$. It covers 27.3% of the total territory of China. Until recently, it is estimated that the annual spreading ratio of desertification in China is 2,460 $km^2$. Therefore, desertification is mostly serious problems facing to the Chinese people. 2. The causes and environmental effect of desertification : The desertification in China is mainly caused by compound factors, including natural condition and human activities. In China, the desertification is started by the decrease of precipitation, continuous dry and drought, strong wind, wind and water erosion, land degradation and loss of natural vegetation caused by climate variation, and accelerated by the human activities, such as over-cultivating, over-grazing, over-cutting of woods, irrational use of water resources. Because desertification has affected the geographical features, soil nutrients contents, salinity, vegetation coverage and the functions of ecosystem, the environmental deteriorations in the desertification affected areas are very seriously. 3. The fundamental strategies of combating desertification in China are the increase of education and awareness of people through various mass media, the revision of laws to guarantee operation of Desertification Combating Law and to improve many relating laws and regulations, the application of advanced technologies and training of experts, the establishment of discriminative policies, and increasing arrangement of budget-investment, and so on. China, as a signed country in UNCCD, has made efforts for the combating desertification. Korea is also signed country in UNCCD, so we should play an important role in the desertification combating projects of China for the northest asia and global environmental conservation as well as environmental conservation of Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2015

The Ecosystem and Nature Map (ENM) is basic map for current status of natural resources. The map has been offered information to ecological conservation and restoration, as well as to land use planning and policy making. The map composed of 794 sheets in 1:25,000 scale classifies total areas into three grade zones (1st, 2nd and 3rd grade zones) and separately managed zone. In 2005, the first draft Ecosystem and Nature Map was prepared by the second National Ecosystem Survey. It was opened for the people to search and appeal. So 1,419 cases of public appeals on the first draft Ecosystem and Nature Map were submitted in 2005. After partial revision, the first Ecosystem and Nature Map was announced in 2007. The second draft Ecosystem and Nature Map was prepared by the third National Ecosystem Survey and opened to public in 2012. As a result, 1,263 cases of public appeals were submitted in 2012. Since the first announcement of the Ecosystem and Nature Map in April 2007, 182 cases of public appeals on the Map were submitted until December 2013. Among them, 159 cases were announced with revision. According to the first Ecosystem and Nature Map announced in 2007, graded areas covered 7.5% in the 1st grade zone, 39.2% in the 2nd grade zone and 44.7% in the 3rd grade zone of the national land area, respectively. In the second draft Ecosystem and Nature Map in 2012, areas of the 1st grade zone and the 2nd grade zone were 9.2% increased 1.7 percentage points and 45.5% increased 6.3 percentage points, and areas of the 3rd grade zone were 36.6% decreased 8.1 percentage points. Among areas of the 1st grade zone, Gangwondo occupies 54.3% in 2007 and 47.6% in 2012. Gangwondo consists of the highest percentage of the 1st grade zone and the smallest of the 3rd grade zone. Seoul has the highest percentage of the 3rd grade zone. There were the highest increase of the 1st grade zone in Gyeongsangbukdo and the highest decrease in Jeollabukdo and Seoul. Vegetation is the most important evaluation factor to determine the grade of the Ecosystem and Nature Map.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.71-86
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• 2024

Despite the increasing importance of urban parks' ecological functions in dealing with the climate crisis, ecological parks are not clearly defined in Korea's legal system. Numerous ecological parks created nationwide cannot be systematically designated and managed due to various legal bases and varying management authorities. It is important to clarify the legal status of ecological parks in order to lead the ecological paradigm shift of urban parks and to improve the natural park system for a comprehensive and integrated approach to protect the national ecosystem. To this end, related laws were analyzed to identify problems and to draw directions for legislative improvement. Through the literature review of relevant laws, acts, and ordinances, six major directions for improvement were suggested based on the analysis of problems. First, the legal status of ecological parks in the administrative dichotomy of the current park system is ambiguous, and ecological parks should be clarified through the revision of park-related laws. Second, an ecological park can be defined as a sustainable park created and managed in an ecological manner, promoting the protection and restoration of the ecosystem, conservation, and promotion of biodiversity, and balancing nature observation, ecological learning, and leisure activities. Third, the role of the state and local governments should be systematically revised to lead to a new park planning and management model through new governance. Fourth, since the characteristics of ecological parks are affected by individual laws, the possibility of overlapping ecological parks for other uses should be allowed. Fifth, detailed guidelines and standard ordinances need to be enacted to meet the goals, principles, and facilities of ecological parks. Lastly, along with the revision of the laws, ordinances by local governments also need to be more concrete. This study, which tracks various legal realities related to ecological parks, can contribute to policymaking that can systematize the foundation for the creation of ecological parks to preserve nationwide ecosystems and provide citizens with opportunities to experience and learn about nature.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2003

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluated results of arthroscopic treatment of the traumatic recurrent unidirectional posterior subluxation. Materials and Methods: We treated twenty-seven patients who had traumatic recurrent unidirectional posterior subluxation of the shoulder by arthroscopic labral repair and posterior capsular shift and prospectively evaluated for a mean of thirty-nine months (range,24 to 85 months). Patients who had posteroinferior instability, multidirectional instability, atraumatic onset, or revision cases were excluded. There were twenty-five male and two female patients with the mean age of twenty-one years (range, 14 to 33 years). All patients were involved in sports activity. All had a significant traumatic event prior to the onset of the instability. Stability, motion, three objective measurement (UCLA, ASES, and Rowe scores) and two subjective measurements (pain and function visual analogue scale) were evaluated. Results: The most common finding in magnetic resonance image-arthrogram was separation of the posteroinferior labrum without displacement in 9 patients, In arthroscopic examination, all patients had one or more lesions in the posterior inferior labrum and capsule. The most common finding was incomplete stripping of the posterior inferior labrum (18 patients). The posteroinferior capsule subjectively appeared to be stretched in twenty-two patients. At follow-up, all patients had improved shoulder function and scores(p < 0.01). All patients had stable shoulder by subjectivel and objectivel measurements, except one patient who had recurrent subluxation. All but one patient with postoperative recurrence were able to return to their prior sports activity with little or no limitation. Twenty-four patients were graded as having more than 90％ of shoulder function. Their were twenty-one excellent, five good, and one fair UCLA. scores. Pain sore improved from 4.5 to 0.2 point(p : 0.0001). Mean loss internal rotation was one vertebral level. None had operative complications. Conclusion: In conclusion, treatment outcomes of the traumatic unidirectional recurrent posterior subluxation are consistently reliable with respect to the stability, pain relief, and functional restoration by the arthroscopic posterior capsular shift procedure.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of stress within the regenerated bone surrounding the implant using three dimensional finite element stress analysis method. Using ANSYS software revision 6.0 (IronCAD LLC, USA), a program was written to generate a model simulating a cylindrical block section of the mandible 20 mm in height and 10 mm in diameter. The $5.0{\times}11.5-mm$ screw implant (3i, USA) was used for this study, and was assumed to be 100% osseointegrated. And it was restored with gold crown with resin filling at the central fossa area. The implant was surrounded by the regenerated type IV bone, with 4 mm in width and 7 mm apical to the platform of implant in length. And the regenerated bone was surrounded by type I, type II, and type III bone, respectively. The present study used a fine grid model incorporating elements between 250,820 and 352,494 and nodal points between 47,978 and 67,471. A load of 200N was applied at the 3 points on occlusal surfaces of the restoration, the central fossa, outside point of the central fossa with resin filling into screw hole, and the functional cusp, at a 0 degree angle to the vertical axis of the implant, respectively. The results were as follows: 1. The stress distribution in the regenerated bone-implant interface was highly dependent on both the density of the native bone surrounding the regenerated bone and the loading point. 2. A load of 200N at the buccal cusp produced 5-fold increase in the stress concentration at the neck of the implant and apex of regenerated bone irrespective of surrounding bone density compared to a load of 200N at the central fossa. 3. It was found that stress was more homogeneously distributed along the side of implant when the implant was surrounded by both regenerated bone and native type III bone. In summary, these data indicate that concentration of stress on the implant-regenerated bone interface depends on both the native bone quality surrounding the regenerated bone adjacent to implant and the load direction applied on the prosthesis.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-84
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• 2022

This study aims to investigate the value of greenbelts exploring how they can be linked with green infrastructure networks. This research interprets the results of geographical information system (GIS) analysis differently from a conventional approach. The findings of the research are four-fold based on the analysis of the Daejeon Metropolitan Area. First, the most controversial greenbelts are laid on Yuseong-gu because the relaxation of the greenbelts for new housing development has caused outstanding issues since the early 2000s. Decisions on further relaxation or restoration of the greenbelts, which will provide a new direction for the establishment of green infrastructure networks, should be made through accurate environmental assessments. Second, the connected north-south corridors of large cities will affect the greenbelts not only in Daejeon, but also in the entire Chungcheong Provinces, and surrounding local municipalities, which should be considered for the revision of the greenbelt policy. Third, it is expected to experience growing development pressures towards neighboring municipalities due to the ongoing strict greenbelt policy. Among them, the most likely areas are Sejong City to the north and Nonsan to the south, requiring policy measures. Fourth, the value of green infrastructure should be added to current evaluation criteria rather than a binary approach - relaxing or preserving the greenbelts - to be holistically integrated with a metropolitan plan.