• 정보관리연구
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.107-130
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• 2004

MPEG-21은 상호운용성이 확보되고 저작권이 보호되는 방법으로 디지털 콘텐츠가 생성, 배포, 소비될 수 있도록 하기 위한 개방형 표준 프레임워크이다. 이 글은 DRM 기술을 중심으로 MPEG-21의 각 분야별-거래와 배포의 기본단위인 디지털 아이템 선언(DID), 디지털 아이템 식별(DII), 저작권 관리 및 보호(IPMP), 권리데이터사전(RDD), 권리표현언어(REL), 영구연결기술(PAT), 이벤트 리포팅(ER)-기술 표준화의 개념과 내용을 살펴본다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.145-160
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• 1998

The purpose of the study were two fokls: to investigate causes of wife abuse through both husbands and wives as the research subject and through ecological perspective as a theoretical framework. Data were collected using self-reporting questionnaires distributed to 400 couples in Seoul and Taegu. 280 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The major findings of the study were summarized in the following. First, the percentage of samples who reported one or more instances of acts in each scale was 84.3%(236 couples). They reported having been a vicitm of abuse by their partners at least one instance in the preceding 12 months. Secondly, the hierarchical and stepwise regression yielded the result that wife abuse behavior by husbands was influenced by husband's microsytem(e.g.job stress, marital satisfaction, education level and occupation) and organism variables(e.g. husband's perceptions about the violence level of mass media, childhood observation of parental violence, childhood experience of the battering). These variables accounted for 38% of variance of wife abuse behavior among Korean husbands.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.337-348
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• 2020

Although the WTO has fulfilled several key tasks it was set up to do - providing periodic reviews of members' trade policies, resolving disputes, supporting negotiations - with the notable exceptions of the Trade Facilitation and Information Technology agreements, WTO members have not been able to negotiate new rules on "bread and butter" trade policies. The importance of doing so was illustrated by the COVID-19 pandemic which saw widespread uncoordinated recourse to trade policy instruments. This paper highlights four reforms that would bolster the effectiveness of the WTO as a forum for trade cooperation: (1) improving collection and reporting of information on trade-related policies; (2) supporting analysis-informed deliberation to establish a common understanding of the need and scope for cooperation in specific policy areas; (3) putting in place a stronger multilateral governance framework for plurilateral cooperation between groups of WTO members; and (4) reestablishing an effective dispute settlement system.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2020년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.235-237
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• 2020

해킹메일로 인한 피해는 꾸준히 발생하고 있으며, 최근에는 정부나 공공기관을 사칭하는 메일로 인한 피해 사례가 증가하고 있어 정부에서는 사칭메일을 대응하기 위한 기술을 적용하도록 요구하고 있다. 2017년부터 한국인터넷진흥원에서는 이메일 주소를 사칭하는 메일을 차단하기 위해서는 SPF(Sender Policy Framework) 기술을 적용해야 한다고 밝혔으며, 2019년에 정부에서는 SPF 뿐만 아니라 DKIM(Domain Keys Identified Mail)과 DMARC(Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance)까지 적용을 확대할 것을 요구하고 있다. 이에, 본 논문에서는 해킹메일 대응을 위해 적용하고 있는 세 가지 기술의 기술 표준을 분석함으로써 해당 기술을 적용하여 나가기 위한 발판을 마련하고자 한다.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.373-382
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• 2024

This review addresses the escalating challenge posed by antibiotic resistance, highlighting its profound impact on global public health, including increased mortality rates and healthcare expenditures. The review focuses on the need to adopt the One Health approach to effectively manage antibiotic usage across human, animal, and environmental domains. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are considered as comprehensive strategies that encompass both core and supplementary initiatives aimed at enhancing prudent antibiotic use. The 2021 "Guidelines on Implementing ASP in Korea" introduced such strategies, with a strong emphasis on fostering multidisciplinary and collaborative efforts. Furthermore, the "Core Elements for Implementing ASPs in Korean General Hospitals," established in 2022, provide a structured framework for ASPs, delineating leadership responsibilities, the composition of interdisciplinary ASP teams, a range of interventions, and continuous monitoring and reporting mechanisms. In addition, this review examines patient-centric campaigns such as "Speak Up, Get Smart" and emphasizes the pivotal role of a multidisciplinary approach and international cooperation in addressing the multifaceted challenges associated with antibiotic resistance.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.720-730
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• 2016

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for myriad national and sub-national reporting purposes (for example, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme; EU ETS). As with the other so-called 'Kyoto protocol GHGs', the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of $N_2O$ emissions, based on the sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop a integrated emission factor to estimate the direct $N_2O$ emission from an agricultural field cultivated with the red pepper, soy bean, spring cabbage, autumn cabbage and potato in 2010~2012. Emission factor of $N_2O$ calculated using accumulated $N_2O$ emission, N fertilization rate, and background $N_2O$ emission over three year experiment was $0.00596{\pm}0.001337kg$ $N_2O-N(N\;kg)^{-1}$. More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop $N_2O$ emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because $N_2O$ emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the changes in hospital accreditation evaluations, the changes in hospital building design guidelines, and the development of design indicators for reducing medical accidents in the state-of-the-art healthcare providers. Methods: The changes and tools were carefully investigated and compared that had been taken place and used in the building certification standards, design guidelines, and patient safety design standards to reduce accidents in the United States and the United Kingdom. Results: First, medical accidents are recognized as multiple defense layers rather than personal ones, and a public reporting and learning system is created, reporting the accidents in question publicly and suggesting ways to improve them based on the data at a time. Second, for the accreditation institute that secures the service quality of medical institutions, detailed standards for patient safety are continuously updated with focus on clinical trials. The United States is in charge of the private sector, but on the other hand the United Kingdom is in charge of the public sector. Third, the design guidelines are provided as web-based tools that complement various guidelines for patient safety, and are improved and developed as well. Fourth, detailed approaches are continuously developed and provided to secure patient safety and reduce medical accidents through appropriate research, evidence-based design and strict evaluations. Implications: When medical institutions make efforts to strength patient safety methods through valid design standards, accidents are expected to decrease, whereby hospital finances are also to be improved. A higher level of medical quality service will sure be secured through comprehensive certification evaluation.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2022

This review aims to identify the influence of the vehicle and its concentration used to carry calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) medicament on postoperative pain. The protocol for this review was registered in the open science framework (Registration DOI-10.17605/OSF.IO/4Y8A9) and followed the guidelines provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Reporting was based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Literature screening and searches were performed on PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and EBSCO hosts. Furthermore, additional records were manually analyzed using various sources. The selected studies were published in English and included the use of any vehicle adjunct to Ca(OH)₂ to evaluate postoperative pain using qualitative and quantitative pain assessment tools. Descriptive analysis was conducted to review the study design, vehicle elements, and their effects. A preliminary search yielded 7584 studies, of which 10 were included. According to the data collected, the most commonly used Ca(OH)₂ vehicles were chlorhexidine (CHX), normal saline, and camphorated paramonochlorophenol/glycerine (CPMC/glycerine), which had a significant effect on postoperative pain. Among the included studies, six evaluated the effect of CHX as a vehicle. It was observed that a higher concentration of the vehicle (2%) showed a favorable response in reducing postoperative pain. A majority of studies have validated a positive consequence of using a vehicle on postoperative pain. Although higher vehicle concentrations were found to alter postoperative pain levels, the data were insufficient to draw a firm conclusion. Our scoping review indicates that further clinical studies should focus on using different vehicles at various concentrations and application times to check for feasible and safe exposure in addition to providing pain relief.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

By delivering effective, in-situ conservation of biodiversity, OECMs can contribute to sustaining existing biodiversity values and improving biodiversity conservation outcomes. In this study, for the reporting of OECMs required by Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the site-level assessment of the Korea National Arboretum and Buffer Zones were conducted using the assessment tool of IUCN. The site-level assessment was carried out in three steps(step 1: screening, step 2 : consent for full assessment, step 3 : the full assessment). It was found that the criteria were satisfied except for the consent for full assessment, sustainability of governance and management arrangements, and the equity of governance and management. Although the governing authority, rights-holders or any other stakeholders could be identified, the step of acknowledging and agreeing to the full OECM assessment was not possible because the governance was not established. As a result of the assessment of equitable governance and management in the aspect of recognition, procedure, and distribution based on criterion(the equity of governance and management), it is judged that more specific measures are needed in the aspect of recognition. And in the aspect of procedure, there is no legal basis for participation in governance and collection of opinions, so it is judged that there is a limit to listening and reflecting the opinions of stakeholders. In the aspect of distribution, it is necessary to further confirm whether it provides direct benefits to rights-holders such as landowners in the region. And it is necessary to prepare specific criteria to assess the important biodiversity values. Therefore, in order to promote OECM reporting in the future, it is necessary to conduct detailed research on various types of governance establishment and operation plans that can establish the basis for recognizing and agreeing to OECM assessment, specific criteria and reasonable measures to judge equity, and important biodiversity value.

• 의료법학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.143-169
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• 2017

아동학대범죄의 처벌 등에 대한 특례법은 아동학대에 '범죄'라는 개념을 도입하고 신고의무자를 정함으로서, 아동학대 신고를 활성화하고자 하는 의도로 제정되었다. 동법 제10조는 의료인을 아동학대 신고의무자로 정하는데, 학대 피해 아동의 발견율이 0.5% 남짓인 현실을 고려한다면, 특정한 의학적 소견으로 비교적 명확하게 아동학대의 사실을 알 수 있는 의료인에게 신고의무를 부과한 입법적 조치는 타당하다. 향후 의료인에 의한 신고가 활성화되도록 하기 위한 제도를 마련하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 크게 세가지 제안을 한다. 첫 번째, 예비의료인과 의료인에게 아동학대 신고의무에 관한 교육을 꾸준하게 실시하는 것이다. 신고의무의 구체적인 내용 및 절차와 더불어, 의료인이 판단하기에 아동학대가 확실한 경우 뿐 아니라 "의심"되는 경우에도 신고의무가 있음을 주지시켜 아동학대를 조기에 발견하고 신고할 수 있도록 하는 것이 바람직하다. 두 번째, 신고 의료인 및 의료기관에 대한 보호 장치를 마련하여 한다. 현행법이 신고자의 보호를 위하여 필요한 조항들을 포함하고 있기는 하지만, 여기서 한발 더 나아가 의료인의 상황에 맞게 신고인을 보호할 수 있는 구체적인 지침을 마련하고, 그러한 지침에 대한 교육을 실시하여야 한다. 신고의료인에 대한 철저한 보호장치를 마련하는 것이 미신고의료인에 대한 면허 박탈 등의 처벌 조치를 강화하는 것보다 더 효과적인 신고의 유인을 제공할 것이다. 세 번째, 의료인이 모든 영유아의 건강상태를 주기적으로 모니터링할 수 있는 영유아건강검진제도를 학대아동 발견의 기회로 활용할 수 있도록 협진 체계를 마련하고, 영유아건강검진을 실시하는 의료인에 대하여 아동학대에 대한 체계적인 교육을 실시하는 것이 바람직하다.