• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.74
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• pp.255-271
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• 2023

Purpose of study: The purpose of this study is to explore the moderating effect of learning motivation in the effect of cognitive presence on cognitive regulation. Research content and method: The subjects of this study were 160 preservice teachers who are enrolled in the Faculty of Education of a university. The survey measured cognitive control, human presence, and learning motivation. Among the collected data, learning motivation was averaged. In addition, a group with low learning motivation and a group with high motivation were distinguished. Next, this study compared the averages of cognitive control by classifying the learning motivation levels. The collected data was analyzed using a multiple regression (Stepwise) method to explore the effect of cognitive presence on cognitive control. First, multiple regression analysis was performed on the entire group. Second, multiple regression analysis was performed by dividing the group with low learning motivation from the group with high motivation. Conclusions and Suggestions: As a result of the analysis, the group with high learning motivation showed a higher level of cognitive control than the group with low motivation. In the group with high learning motivation, only content understanding among the sub-factors of cognitive presence had an effect on cognitive control. In the group with low learning motivation, all factors of cognitive presence were affected.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.64
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• pp.203-235
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to identify the degree of social presence perceived by students and to explore the factors that have affected it after practicing Christian Education classes as synchronous distance course due to Covid-19. It is also to suggest effective ways in the aspects of the design and operation to improve social presence. In order to measure social presence and derive influencing factors, research related to synchronous distance class and social presence is summarized through literature review. The researchers also surveyed 58 students in three courses of Christian education major at a University in Gyeonggi-do and conducted in-depth interviews with 6 students. The main findings are as follows: First, the sense of social presence was moderate, the emotional bond was the lowest by sub-factor, the open communication, the sense of community was moderate, and the mutual support and concentration were the highest. Second, factors that had a positive impact on the sense of social reality were group activities, selfintroduction activities, active participation in classes, mutual communication such as Q & A or response to peer learners' opinions during lectures by professors, questions, feedback, etc, and having a smaller number of students. Factors that had a negative impact on the perception of social presence were lack of private conversations, poor participation in classes, lack of communication with each other, and difficulty concentrating. The causes of these negative factors were technical problems and limitations arising from zoom, inconvenience and distracting surroundings, lack of time, and psychological awkwardness. Reflecting the results of the study, orientation to effective synchronous distance course, guidance on smooth communication methods, strengthening the role of professors to promote learning, strengthening group activities and learner-centered activities, and proposing a smaller scale of students were ways that are offered to improve the sense of social presence in synchronous distance courses.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

This study is to testify whether according to the variables of population statistics there emerge differences in the ethical leadership, ethical climate, organizational citizenship behavior and LMX by Social Entrepreneurs. For this we have performed survey 652 social entrepreneurs at authorized Social Enterprises. The results of analysis are as follows. First, it was analyzed that the sub-factors of the ethical leadership, such as contribution and integrity by Social entrepreneurs have revealed significant difference according to gender. Also the sub-factor of ethical climate, such as utilitarianism has revealed significant difference by gender, too. The analysis result signifies no significance in OCB, LMX. Second, there were significant difference in the sub-factor of ethical leadership such as integrity, the sub-factor of ethical climate such as, utilitarianism, the sub-factor of OCB such as effectiveness, and LMX by religious. Third, the analysis result signifies no significance in ex-work place, whether they worked at Social enterprise or not. Finally, as the result of our analysis whether there are any differences according to gender, religious, and ex-work place of the Social entrepreneurs in the ethical leadership, ethical climate, OCB, and LMX by Social entrepreneurs, it was revealed that there are some significant. This study emphasizes the importance of ethical leadership, ethical climate, OCB and LMX. It reveled these variables have differences by demographic characteristics of Social entrepreneurs. In conclusion, this study suggests that the consideration of the variables of population statistics according to the various variables about Social enterprise.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.143-157
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• 2011

This study aims to identify family strength and career maturity, and to explore the difference of career maturity according to family strength, targeting high school students as subjects. A total of 1,000 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and 858 copies were used for the final analysis. The major results are summarized as follows: In respect to general tendency of family strength and career maturity, the score of family respect was the highest, 3.59, followed by 3.56 of gratitude and affection, 3.54 of problem shooting ability, economic stability, faithfulness to role, emotional bond, positive communication and goal sharing. The score of emotional bond with society was the lowest, 2.90. The score of family strength was 3.36, which was the intermediate level. As sub-factors of career maturity, the score of relevancy was 3.40, and that of tendency was 3.17, followed by that of independence and compromise. The score of determination was the lowest, 2,75. A total score of career maturity was 3.05. Family strength was marked highly by the girls students studying humanities, and religious ones. Those whose parents have high education and no-divorce background also showed high scores. High school students with higher economic levels and long-married parents showed higher scores than high school students with poor economy levels and single parents. Students with parents who have professional jobs also marked high scores. Career maturity degree as a background variable was significantly higher in the following cases: In terms of religious background, students whose mother are buddhists or atheists marked high scores. High scores were marked by those whose parents have higher education and no-divorce background. High school students from middle class and over and long-married parents showed higher career maturity degree than high school students with poor economy levels and single parents. Students with parents who have professional jobs also marked high career maturity degree. While career maturity degree, which is subjected to family strength, showed very different results when analysed with 5 sub-variables. As family strength resulted in positive effects to career maturity degree, higher family strength showed higher career maturity degree. Especially, in the areas of relevance and tendency of career maturity degree, the effects of positiveness was clearly high.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.342-357
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• 2004

A descriptive correlation study was done to provide a basic data for comprehensive nursing care by analyzing the relationship between spiritual wellbeing, hope and perceived health status of the rural elderly. 130 respondents who lived at their homes and nursing homes for elders in D county. Kyungbuk province were selected and their age was over 60 years old. Paloutzian and Ellison(1982)'s spiritual wellbeing scale. Nowotny(l989)'s hope scale and Northern Illinois University's health self rating scale was used. From September 2nd to September 30th, 2002, ready made questionnaires were handed out by researcher and two well trained nurse research assistants. to those who can fill it out and for those who cannot fill out the questionnaires alone, the researcher and assistants read it and finished by interview. This study used Pearson's correlation coefficient for the hypothetic test and the average point and standard deviation of spiritual wellbeing, hope, and perceived health status were checked. To find out the difference between spiritual wellbeing, hope, and perceived health status by general characteristics ANOVA and Tukey test were used. The results are as follows : 1. The mean score for spiritual wellbeing of the rural elders was $49.94(\pm5.62)$ in a possible range of 20-80. The mean score of religious wellbeing was $25.20(\pm3.91)$ and that of existential wellbeing was $24.74(\pm2.83)$ in a possible range of 10-40. The average point of religious wellbeing was $2.52(\pm0.39)$ points and existential wellbeing was $2.47(\pm0.28)$ points to 4 point full marks. 2. The mean score for hope was $67.68(\pm10.92)$ in a possible range of 29-116. The average point of hope was $2.33(\pm0.38)$ points to 4 point full marks. 3. The mean score for perceived health status was $9.95(\pm2.66)$ in a possible range of 4-14. The average point of perceived health status was $2.15(\pm0.72)$ point to 4 point full marks. 4. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and hope, there was a statistically positive correlation(r=0.621. p=0.000). 5. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between hope and perceived health status, there was a statistically positive correlation(r=0.305, p=0.000). 6. There were significant differences in spiritual wellbeing according to age(F=5.60, p=0.000), religion(F=11.61. p=0.000), family status(F=2.86, p=0.040) and average monthly pocket money(F=4.32, p=0.015). 7. There were significant differences in hope according to age(F=16.49, p=0.000), religion (F=3.56, p=0.009), educational level(F=8.94, p=0.000), present occupation(t=-3.13, p=0.002), family status(F=5.90, p=0.001) and average monthly pocket money(F=3.41. p=0.036). 8. There were significant differences in perceived health status according to present occupation(t=-2.16, p=0.033) average monthly pocket money(F=4.11, p=0.019). From the above results it can be concluded that: There was a positive correlation between spiritual wellbeing and hope, hope and perceived health status. There was no positive correlation between spiritual wellbeing and perceived health status. For futher study, adequate spiritual wellbeing scale and hope scale for rural elders should be developed and, age and religion factors has to be reconsidered. When the nurse implicate the nursing intervention which can be promote the spiritual wellbeing and hope, rural elder's spiritual wellbeing and hope can be improved and at the same time, their perceived health status also can be improved.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.189-210
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship among social activity, leisure activity and subjective quality of life of the rural elderly. For this end, this study analyzed the differences of the factors by the demographic characteristics and the effects of the social activity and leisure activity on subjective quality of life of the rural elderly. The data was collected using structured questionnaires, and total 324 responses were used in the data analysis. According to the results of this study, the social activity, leisure activity and subjective quality of life was shown to the partially differences by the demographic characteristics. The social activity and leisure activity of the rural elderly had a positive effect on the satisfaction and expectation of life as the subjective quality of life. The religious activities and leisure activity had a positive effect on the satisfaction of life, and the leisure activity through hobbies had a positive effect on the expectation of life. The economic activity had a positive effect on the subjective economic satisfaction, expectation of living standard and municipal government. Also, the volunteer activity and pastime had a positive effect on the subjective health satisfaction. Finally, this study was discussed the theoretical and practical implications as well as the solution to the subjective quality of life of the rural elderly.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.181-209
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• 2012

Employment form and gender as stratification factors may generate health disparities in Korea. Previous studies have examined the existence of health disparities by employment form and gender. However, few studies examined how the health disparities can be reduced effectively. This study intends to confirm the existence of health disparities between employment-gender groups and explore the effective health resources which can reduce the possible disparities. Using a national probability sample of Korean adults collected in 2011, we attempts to test the interaction effects between employment-gender groups and health resources on self-rated health. For health resources, 24 variables of five dimensions(social relationship, psychological resource, activity factor, health behavior, and usage of medical service) are taken into account. In results, first, the health levels of the other three employment-gender groups are worse than that of male-regular workers. Second, the effective health resources which can reduce the health disparities are different across the employment-gender groups. An effective health resource for female-nonregular workers is a peaceful relationship with her children. Effective health resources for male-nonregular workers are peaceful relationships with his parents and siblings, low stress, religious activity, and exercise. An effective health resource for female-regular workers is interpersonal trust. These results imply that personal or social interventions for health of specific disadvantaged groups need to focus on specific resources which are more effective for the groups.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.21-35
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• 2011

This study is basic research which aims to compare and analyze changes in rural areas in modern times. The main purpose of this study is to comprehend the characteristics of changes in the Korean rural landscape and to suggest the implications for preservation and maintenance of the rural landscape. To help in understanding the rural landscape systematically, it should be divided into six types: housing landscape, cultivation landscape, green landscape, waterside landscape, streetscape and symbolic and religious landscape. According to this step, the contents and the procedures of changes were analyzed generally. Based on the literature review and field survey, the styles of changes were deduced to be formation, alternation, relocation, damage and restoration on landscape elements. Lastly, it was concluded that complex changes of landscape in rural areas from the government's development policy have been continued from macroscopic changes like overall structure and system of landscape to microscopic changes like shape, material, size and color of each landscape element. Rural villages which have not had the government's development policy applied to them may not be appropriate for this study. However, this study has significance in that it can suggest the direction for desirable rural planning. Future studies need to consider landscape change through not only the development policy but also economic, social and cultural factors.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.10 no.4 s.28
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• pp.43-55
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• 2001

Living spaces are the results of social environment and also the reflection of the viewpoints by their residents toward human culture and society. Therefore, in studying living spaces, the true essence of the spaces could be easily distorted when cultural and symbolic motives and values are disregarded and only their apparent characteristics are looked into. Hence, it's necessary to simultaneously understand both physical dwelling spaces from architecture's view points and social ideas, simultaneously, of people who form and interact with the spaces. Hence, this paper tries to study housing religion which is one of shamanistic religions which, in turn, have been the fundamental element of ancient religions and came into existence on the basis of dwelling spaces. This study presumes that house religion may have been permeated with its creators' ideas about living and those ideas could be one of those factors which plays a role in organizing of dwelling spaces. As such, with these prior analyses, this thesis attempts to understand the meaning of various dwelling spaces via the characteristics and functionalities of various house spirits which are mentioned in a local house religion and also will find out spatial harmony of Korean traditional living spaces by way of corelations among living spaces, people, and personalized house spirits. Almost all traditional Korean houses have assigned a house spirit to their individual dwelling space. This means a traditional house was considered as a scared space in a secular world called human society and the space was actually intended to protect sacredness of dwelling places from earthliness outside. So when the hierarchy of house spirits in housing religion is projected to a Korean traditional house, it can be shown that a dwelling house as a building was personified to a respectable human status. In other words, it can be concluded that each space was synonymous with a dwelling place for each house spirit and was considered a sacred godly place. In a nutshell, not only each space in a Korean traditional house was a physical and functional space, but also it formed a scared spatial place along with the concept of house spirits intending to ward off disasters and enjoy a comfortable life through those religious symbols and meanings. Housing shamanistic religion which has long been existing with residents and their lives is seeped with the viewpoints of the residents toward life, and hence understanding the meanings and organization of Korean traditional housing can reveal commonly practiced principles of spatial organization of the traditional houses. Therefore an analysis of Korean traditional housing on the basis of humanistic social ideas will help learn Korea's traditional houses which need to be understood in various methods.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.327-339
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• 2006

We have investigated the distribution of major local foods cultivated in Gwangju City and Jeollanam-Do in order to understand the food culture of Honam region. The local foods were divided into 4 classes: agricultural, aquatic, animal and other products. 124 species of local foods, including 51 agricultural products, 50 aquatic products, 6 animal products and 17 others, were identified from this region. In Jeollanam-Do area, the agricultural products have a variety of fruits and vegetables, and aquatic products have fishes. In particular, rice, cucumber, pear, anchovy, oyster, laver, oyster mushroom, shiitake mushroom, and honey were determined as major local foods in Jeollanam-Do area. Note that Mudeungsan watermelon is cultivated in Gwangju, and sweet smelt and cat fish caught only in Sumjin river and Tamjin river area. In recent years, pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne), paprika, kiwi and melon were determined as major local foods in Jeollanam-Do. Furthermore, branding strategy of agricultural and animal products can be said to improve. Wild types of aquatic productions, mushrooms and wild edible greens have been decreasing, whereas cultivated production increasing. The kinds of special local foods in Gwangju City and Jeollanamdo area were influenced by geographical, religious and social factors.