• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.127-143
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• 2019

This study investigates the color stimuli of two varieties of foliage plants by extracting electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram and physiology activity data from 30 participants in their 50s or older. Changes in the physiological activity of subjects against six color stimuli were examined. The stimulus to real green plants 'Silver Queen' was set as the control group, and was compared with other groups including the stimulus to real 'Angel' plants and four stimuli to artificial colors (two color images and color schemes of the same green and red plants). Compared to the five groups, the relative theta power spectrum (RT) and the ratio of alpha to high beta (RAHB) increased in the subjects exposed to real green plants. This result demonstrates that the green plant ('Silver Queen') increases the stability, relaxation, and internal concentration of subjects in a proper state of awakening. The result of this experiment showed a statistically significant difference in the level of RT when subjects were exposed to the groups of real green and red plants. This finding indicates that the green plant increases internal concentration more than the red plant. RT and the relative low beta power spectrum (RLB) in the groups of natural colors were higher than the groups of artificial colors when subjects focused their mind on the two types of real plants. However, the level of relative mid beta power spectrum (RMB), ratio of SMR to theta (RST), ratio of mid beta to theta (RMT), relative high beta power spectrum (RHB), and spectral edge frequency 95% were higher when subjects were exposed to the photos and colors scheme of plants than when they were exposed to real plants. The subjects experienced more "comfortable" emotions when they were looking at plants with green colors. Overall, it is recommended to use the natural colors of real plants in places where which stability and relaxation are required. On the contrary, the artificial colors of plants such as their photos and color schemes are useful in places where a high level of concentration is required in a short period of time.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.17-25
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• 1997

The evoked potentials for concentrations of solutions of the four qualities of tastes(i.e., sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes) were measured. The solution was applied to the chorda tympani nerve located on the left side of the tongue at 20mm from the tip and 15mm left from the center line. The evoked potentials were detected from Cz referred to A1(left lobe) with the ground at the Fpz position. The Maximum potential level and its latency were evaluated. The individual threshold level of concentration of the solutions of four tastes were measured. Artificial saliva was used as a control solution. The evoked positive potentials for four qualities of tastes (i.e., gustatory evokde potentials) were found to be around 150ms by averaging eight responses. The arbitrary concentration of the solutions were presented by the relative concentration, which was the ratio of the arbitrary concentration to the individual threshold level. The characteristic relations between the latency and the relative concentration ;and those between the potential level and the relative concentration were evaluated. These evalutions showed that (1) the latencies for salty and bitter tastes denoted the minimum values due to for the change of relative concentration, and that (2) the latency for sour taste decreased as the relative concentrations increased, while the latency for sweet taste denoted the inverse tendency, Sinificant differences between any two maximum potential levels were not recognized. A response latencies to sucrose were abolished after treatment of tongue by a sweet-suppressing agent.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 기본적으로 음악 청각자극이 학습활동에 어떤 영향을 미치게 되는지를 뇌파를 통하여 분석하였다. 음악적 청각자극은 진정성향과 자극성향 그리고 선호음악과 비선호음악으로 나누어서 실험을 하였고, 학습활동 과제는 수학과제와 암기과제로 구분하여 실험하였다. 뇌파 실험에서 계측한 데이터는 인간의 집중과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려진 SMR파의 파워 스펙트럼으로 분석하여 정량적 비교에 활용하였다. 본 논문의 결과에서는, 음악이 자극으로 주어진 경우가 주어지지 않은 경우보다 파워가 크게 관측되었고, 과제의 유형과 관계없이 진정성향의 경우가 자극성향의 경우보다 뇌파의 파워가 더 크게 관측되었으며, 선호음악의 경우가 비선호음악의 경우보다 뇌파의 파워가 더 크게 관측되었다. 이들 결과로부터 음악 청각자극이 있는 경우, 진정성향의 음악의 경우, 선호음악의 경우가 상대적 경우보다 집중력을 높일 수 있을 것으로 추정한다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2020

Quantitative evaluation of the sense of smell is done by the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) test. OERP consists of N1, P1, N2, P2, and P3, of which N1 and P1 latency are known to be affected by the concentration of odor stimuli associated with the pre-sensory phase and P2 and P3 are the stages at which odors are perceived and are known to change by subjective evaluation of the stimulus. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between the expression of OERP and the subjective evaluation of the object on the fragrance stimulus using various fragrances. Therefore, the study examined the relative waveform power ratio, preference for each scent stimulus, and finally the amplitude and latency change of the components of OERP, N1 and P2. In contrast, it was found that the late P2 response waveform was an effective aroma stimulus recognition waveform in OERP compared to the initial response waveforms.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2009

Objectives: The warm needling technique is a method which combines the effects of acupuncture with those of moxibustion. The purpose of this study was to find the stimulus effects of a high frequency warm needling device when stimulating acupoint $LI_4$ on the carrageenan-induced arthritis. Methods: This study was to observe the effects to edema reaction, WBF(weight bearing force), NO concentration, nNOS expression after the electro high frequency stimulus of high frequency warm needling device on LI4 with insulated acupuncture needle. Results: The effect of the high frequency warm needling device is to rise up the temperature in proportion to the current intensity. After stimulating on the acupoint $LI_4$ of the carrageenan-induced arthritis in rats with the high frequency warm needling device, it significantly reduced edema in the rat's foot. In addition, WBF, NO concentration of spinal cord (nmol/mg), and nNOS relative expression were reduced. Conclusions: The above results support the idea that stimulus by the high frequency warm needling device on $LI_4$ produces a potent analgesic effect in the arthritis pain model of the rat. Moreover, stimulus by the high frequency warm needling device modulates endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS protein expression.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 1980

The effects of various inotropic interventions on the shape of the steady state length tension relation and the length-dependent activation process in cardiac muscle were studied. The influence of inotropic interventions upon the action potential was also observed. The range of varying muscle length was from the optimal length$(l_{max})$, where the active tension production is maximal, to 0.85 $l_{max}$. Changes in stimulus frequency or in external bathing Ca concentration constituted the inotropic interventions in this experiment. The papillary muscles were isolated from the rabbit right ventricles and perfused with $HCO-_3\;-buffered$ normal Tyrode solution which was aerated with $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ mixed gas and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. Resting Passive tension at $l_{max}$ was approximately 30% of the total tension and appeared from the muscle length of 0.90 $l_{max}$. The effect of stimulus frequency on the steady state level of developed tension was: As the stimulus frequency was increased from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz, there was little change in developed tension. As the frequency was increased further, to a value of about 3 Hz, tension increased steeply. Further increase of the frequency to 5 Hz had little additional effect on the developed tension. The length-tension curves for isometric peak tension became more steeper with the degree of potentiation by inotropic interventions. The relative steepness of the normalized length-tension curves where tension production was expressed as a percentage of maximal tension developed at $l_{max}$, varied inversely with the level of inotropic state and these curves were not superimposable one another. Thus at the stimulus frequency of 2 Hz or at the external Ca concentration of 8 mM, the relative decline in the developed tension for a given change in muscle length was considerably less than the decline observed at the frequency of 0.5 Hz or at the concentration of 2 mM Ca. Action potential duration was prolonged significantly as the frequency increased from 0.2 to 2 Hz, and this change in action potential duration was not observable on the changes in muscle length. There was a tendency of the hyperpolarization of membrane potential when the muscle length was shortened from $l_{max}$ to 0.95 $l_{max}$. These results support the hypothesis that there is a length-dependence of the activation process.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 학습 과제 수행 시 청각 자극이 뇌에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 뇌파 계측 실험을 통해 얻은 데이터로 분석한 결과를 제시하였다. 피험자가 수학적 과제를 해결하는 동안, 피험자의 선호도에 따라 구분한 선호 음악 및 비선호 음악을 청각 자극으로 제시하였으며, 수학적 과제는 암기형 및 절차형 과제로 구분하여 뇌파를 측정하였다. 이를 집중력과 관련된 뇌파의 주파수 대역인 세타파, SMR파 및 중간베타파로 나누어 상대 파워 스펙트럼 값을 비교하였다. 본 논문의 결과로는 무음악과 선호 음악 및 무음악과 비선호 음악을 비교한 경우에서 유의한 차이를 나타내는 채널을 관측할 수 있었으며, 공통적으로 전두엽 부위의 채널인 F3 및 F4에서 평균의 차이를 나타냈다. 유의미한 차이를 나타낸 채널들에서도 음악이 없는 경우보다 음악이 제시된 경우의 파워가 더 크게 나타났으며, 선호도에 따라서는 선호 음악이 비선호 음악의 경우보다 두뇌의 활성도가 크게 나타난다는 사실을 실험결과로부터 확인할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1982

Effects of external pH and potassium concentrations on the electrical and mechanical properties were investigated on rabbit papillary muscle. Papillary muscles were perfused in horizontal chamber with Tris Tyrode solutions and action potential along with isometric tension was recorded simultaneously. Potassium concentrations were varied between 1 and 12 mM at low(6.9), normal(7.4) and high (7.9) external pH. The following results were obtained: 1) On rasing the potassium concentration from 1 to 12 mM resting membrane potentials decreased from $-88.8{\pm}2.8$ to $-66.4{\pm}1.2\;mV$ at normal pH and the amplitude of action potential decreased from $115.1{\pm}0.7$ to $97.5{\pm}2.8\;mV$. On lowering the potassium concentration, membrane hyperpolarized and at 1 mM potassium concentration resting potentials were $-107{\pm}2.2\;mV$. Duration of action potential especially $APD_{60}{\sim}APD_{90}$ increased($APD_{90}$: $214{\pm}15.8\;ms$ at 1 mM $K^+$ to $287{\pm}18.1\;ms$ at 12 mM $K^+$). 2) During acidosis membranes hyperpolarized by more than 20 mV within 1 min. and then slow recovery was observed during the following 10 min. During alkalosis membranes depolarized about 10 mV, which were maintained until washing with normal Tyrode solutions. 3) On lowering the external pH(7.9-6.5), duration of action potential increased progressively and it was most prominent at pH 6.5 and $K^+$ 1mM. 4) Magnitude of developed tension was $0.6{\pm}0.14\;g/mm^2$ at normal pH and potassium concentration (stimulus frequency : 60/min). Relative isometric tension to normal value increased along the increment of stimulus frequency($44.2{\pm}4.2%$ at 6/min to $271{\pm}86.7%$ at 180/min). Force-frequency relations were altered quantitatively during the perfusion with different external pH solutions. 5) Developed tension did not show marked variation within the range of $2{\sim}8\;mM$ potassium concentrations. Positive inotropism was observed at less than 2 mM $K^+$ and negative inotropism beyond 12 mM $K^+$ concentrations. From the above results we concluded that the effects of potassium ion concentration on electrical and mechanical properties of rabbit papillary muscle are related to the changes in surface negative charge due to acid base disturbances.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2008

이 연구는 음악과 음향진동자극이 인체의 생리적 변화 즉 특정 뇌파발생의 유도에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 고찰한 결과 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1. 음악자극만의 경우보다 음향진동자극을 동시에 가하였을 경우가 특정뇌파상태로의 유도가 용이하고 현저하였다. 2. 자극2와 자극5의 자극에 사용된 음악은 이완작용 및 스트레스해소에 적합한 음악이다. 3. 자극6의 음악은 스트레스가 없고 정신집중상태에서 많이 발생하는 SMR파의 유도에 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

The present study was attempted to investigate and compare the antioxidant potency of several well-know flavonoids, antioxidant vitamin and commercially available popular beverages. The antioxidant potency was assessed by the effect on reducing oxidative DNA damage of human lymphocytes. Cellular oxidative DNA damage was measured by SCGE (single-cell gel electrophoresis), also known as comet assay. Lymphocytes were pre-treated for 30 minutes with wide ranges of doses of apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, $\alpha$-tocopherol (10,25,50,100,200,500,1000 $\mu$M) ,green tea extract or grape juice (10,50,100,250,500,1000 $\mu$g/mL) followed by a $H_2O$$_2$(100 $\mu$M) treatment for 5 min as an oxidative stimulus. The physiological function of each antioxidant substance on oxidative DNA damage was analyzed as tail moment (tail length $\times$ percentage migrated DNA in tail) and expressed as relative DNA damage score after adjusting by the level of control treatment. Cells treated with $H_2O$$_2$alone (positive control) had an extensive DNA damage compared with cells treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, negative control) or pre-treated with all the tested samples. Of all the six flavonoids, quercetin was the most potent antioxidant showing the lowest $ED_{50}$/ of 8.5 $\mu$g/mL (concentration to produce 50% protection of relative DNA damage). The antoxidant potency of individual flavonoids were ranked as follows in a decreasing order; luteolin (18.4 $\mu$g/mL), myricetin (19.0 $\mu$g/mL) , rutin (22.2 $\mu$g/mL) , apigenin (24,3 $\mu$g/mL) , kaempferol (25.5 $\mu$g/mL). The protective effect of $\alpha$-tocopherol was substantially lower (highest $ED_{50}$value of 55.0 $\mu$g/mL) than all the other flavonoids, while the protective effect was highest in green tea and grape juice with low ED5O value of 7.6 and 5.3, respectively. These results suggest that flavonoids, especially quercetin, and natural compounds from food product, green tea and grape juice, produced powerful anti-oxidative activities, even stronger than $\alpha$-tocopherol. Taken together, supplementation of antioxidants to lymphocytes followed by oxidative stimulus inhibited damage to cellular DNA, supporting a protective effect against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species.