• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.894-899
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• 2010

슬러지 감량 효율을 높이기 위해 오존전처리와 고 액분리조를 이용한 이상 혐기성 소화 공정 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 오존전처리를 통한 슬러지의 고형물 농도는 평균 TSS $8.3{\pm}2.0%$, VSS $9.2{\pm}2.8%$의 감소율을 나타내었다. 유기물 농도인 TCOD는 평균 $5.1{\pm}2.4%$ 감소하는 반면 SCOD는 평균 $72.0{\pm}6.5%$ 증가하였는데, 이는 오존으로 인해 세포내의 고분자 유기물이 용출되어 가용화되었기 때문이다. 이상 혐기성 소화 공정의 반응조별 소화가 진행됨에 따라 평균 TSS $21.5{\pm}3.4%$, VSS $20.2{\pm}8.4%$, TCOD $32.1{\pm}7.9%$, SCOD $22.1{\pm}7.2%$의 농도가 감소하였다. 최대 메탄생성량은 177.6 mL $CH_4/g$ TSS, 210.8 mL $CH_4/g$ VSS, 127.0 mL $CH_4/g$ TCOD, 1452.0 mL $CH_4/g$ SCOD이었다. 이상 혐기성 소화와 MLE 하수처리 공정의 연계처리 후 고형물 물질수지 결과 TSS 93.8%, VSS 92.0%의 감소율을 보였다. 이상 혐기성 소화 공정은 슬러지 처리 문제 해결과 신 재생에너지인 바이오가스 회수의 가능성을 보여줌으로서 향후 슬러지 감량에 해결책이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제64호
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• pp.105-119
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• 2007

Noise reduction technologies are indispensable to achieve acceptable speech quality in VoIP systems. This paper proposes a Wiener filter optimized to the estimated SNR of noisy speech for the noise reduction in VoIP environments. The proposed noise canceller is applied as a pre-processor before speech encoding. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by the PESQ in various noisy conditions. In this paper, the proposed algorithm is applied to G.711, G.723.1, and G.729A which are all VoIP speech codecs. The PESQ results show that the performance of our proposed noise reduction scheme outperforms those of the noise suppression in the IS-127 EVRC and the ETSI standard for the advanced distributed speech recognition front-end.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

To improve the performance of PID controller of high order systems by model reduction, we proposed two model reduction methods. One, Original model with two point $({\angle}G(jw)=\;-{\pi}/2,\;-{\pi})$ in Nyquist curve used gradient base method and genetic algorithm. The other, Original model without two point$({\angle}G(jw)=\;-{\pi}/2,\;-{\pi})$in Nyquist curve used to add very small dead time. This method has annexed very small dead time on the base model for reduction, and we remove it after getting the reduced model, and , we improved Smith-predictor for a dead-time compensator using genetic algorithms. This method considered four points$({\angle}G(jw)=0,\;-\pi/2,\;-\pi,\;-3\pi/2)$ in the Nyquist curve to reduce steady state error between original and reduced model. It is shown that the proposed methods have more performance than the conventional method.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(4)
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• pp.401-404
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• 2002

In general, speech coding methods are classified into the following three categories: the waveform coding, the source coding and the hybrid coding. In this paper, First, the reference waveform is detected after searching the pitch period by NAMDF similarity and similarity between the reference waveform and the waveform each pitch period. It made a decision whether the waveform is compressed with the threshold of similarity. If the waveform is compressed only magnitude and pitch information is transmitted into the input of G.723.1 vocoder. Performing through the G.723.1 vocoder, the waveform is restored with the magnitude and pitch information by PSOLA synthesis method. The result of simulation with proposed algorithm has a 31% reduction of bit rate than the standard 5.3kbps G.723.1 ACELP vocoder.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.269-280
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• 2021

PURPOSE. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thickness reduction and fatigue on the failure load of monolithic zirconia crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 140 CAD-CAM fabricated crowns (3Y-TZP, inCorisTZI, Dentsply-Sirona) with different ceramic thicknesses (2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.8, 0.5 mm, respectively, named G2, G1.5, G1, G0.8, and G0.5) were investigated. Dies of a mandibular first molar were made of composite resin. The zirconia crowns were luted with a resin composite cement (RelyX Unicem 2 Automix, 3M ESPE). Half of the specimens (n = 14 per group) were mouth-motion-fatigued (1.2 million cycles, 1.6 Hz, 200 N/ 5 - 55℃, groups named G2-F, G1.5-F, G1-F, G0.8-F, and G0.5-F). Single-load to failure was performed using a universal testing-machine. Fracture modes were analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed using a Weibull 2-parameter distribution (90% CI) to determine the characteristic strength and Weibull modulus differences among the groups. RESULTS. Three crowns (21%) of G0.8 and five crowns (36%) of G0.5 showed cracks after fatigue. Characteristic strength was the highest for G2, followed by G1.5. Intermediate values were observed for G1 and G1-F, followed by significantly lower values for G0.8, G0.8-F, and G0.5, and the lowest for G0.5-F. Weibull modulus was the lowest for G0.8, intermediate for G0.8-F and G0.5, and significantly higher for the remaining groups. Fatigue only affected G0.5-F. CONCLUSION. Reduced crown thickness lead to reduced characteristic strength, even under failure loads that exceed physiological chewing forces. Fatigue significantly reduced the failure load of 0.5 mm monolithic 3Y-TZP crowns.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2017

Objectives: This on-site study was performed to evaluate the reduction efficiency of an air cleaner on particulate matters and biological agents in a swine facility. Materials and Methods: Particulate matter was measured using a real-time monitoring recorder and biological agents were sampled with a one-stage impactor and then analyzed based on the microbial culture method. An experimental process for the reduction effect on airborne pollutants through air cleaner operation consisted of three conditions: no treatment, wet scrapper by water spray and wet scrapper by disinfectant spray. Results: Geometric mean levels of particulate matter(TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_1$) were presented at $1,608{\mu}g/m^3$, $1,373.8{\mu}g/m^3$, $401.8{\mu}g/m^3$ and $144.5{\mu}g/m^3$ for no treatment; $1,503{\mu}g/m^3$, $1,017{\mu}g/m^3$, $159.4{\mu}g/m^3$ and $69.8{\mu}g/m^3$ for wet scrapper by water spray; and $1,222.17{\mu}g/m^3$, $477.17{\mu}g/m^3$, $33.2{\mu}g/m^3$ and $11.1{\mu}g/m^3$ for wet scrapper by disinfectant spray, respectively. In the case of biological agents, the geometric averaged concentrations of total airborne bacteria and fungi were as follows: $45,371cfu/m^3$ and $13,474cfu/m^3$ for no treatment, $43,286cfu/m^3$ and $8,610cfu/m^3$ for wet scrapper by water spray, and $2,440cfu/m^3$ and 1,867 cfu/ for wet scrapper by disinfectant spray, respectively. Regardless of particulate matter and biological agent, the highest concentrations were found for no treatment, while the lowest concentrations were found with wet scrapper by disinfectant spray. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained from this on-site evaluation, there was a significant reduction effect on particulate matter and biological agents through the application of an air cleaner in this study.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.808-813
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• 2012

본 연구는 정방형주의 후류측으로 분리된 분할판(Detached splitter plate)을 설치한 경우 정방형주의 항력저감특성을 분할판의 폭과 정방형주 후면에서부터 분할판까지의 간격을 변수로 하여 양 항력측정 실험으로 파악한 것이다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 양 항력의 시간변화를 측정해 본 결과 정방형주의 후류측에 분리된 분할판을 설치한 경우가 본래의 정방형주에 비해 양력의 진폭이 대폭 감소했다. 분할판의 폭비를 고정시킨 경우 정방형주의 항력감소율은 간격비가 증가할수록 증가하다 감소하는 특성을 보였다. 같은 간격비에서는 분할판의 폭비가 클수록 정방형주의 항력감소율이 컸으며, 폭비 H/B=1.5, 간격비 G/B=0.5에서 최대 24.2%의 항력감소율을 보였다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.630-635
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• 1996

IgG와 알부민이 고스트 적혈구의 분산하에서 적 혈구의 세포막에 흡착되었다. 용액중 IgG의 농도가 0 O.1mg/mL일 때, 고스트 적혈구의 부피비가 5% 에 서 45%로 증가함에 따라 흡착으로 인한 용액중의 IgG의 농도감소는 14%에서 45%로 증가하였고, h hardened 고스트 척혈구 분산시가 고스트 적혈구 분산시보다 더 많은 단백질이 흡착되었다. 용액중 알부민의 농도가 0.075mg/mL일 때, 고스트 적헐구 의 부피가 5%에셔 70%로 증가함에 따라 용액중의 얄부민의 농도감소는 12% 에서 47%로 증가하였다. 흡착시간에 대한 IgG의 농도변화를 측정한 결과 단 백질의 흡착은 빠른 속도로 일어남을 알 수 있었고, 적혈구당 흡착된 단백질 분자수를 계산한 결과 용액 내 적혈구의 수가 증가할수록 적혈구당 흡착된 분자 수는 감소하였다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제19권3호통권31호
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• pp.22-33
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• 2006

Objective : Angiogenesis induced by hypoxia and inflammation are an essential process of solid tumors and psoriasis. We researched the HIF-1 ${\alpha}$ (hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha), VEGF(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), survival related PI3K-Akt, and inflammation related COX-2 protein expressions to get the information of the mechanism and effects of Rehmannia glutinosa in HepG2 and HaCaT cell lines. Method : To investigate the roles of the Rehmannia glutinosa extract, we performed MTS assay and western blots using HaCaT cells and HepG2 cells. HaCaT cells and HepG2 cells were treated with $50{\mu}g/ml$ and $100{\mu}g/ml$ Rehmannia glutinosa extracts. After 4hrs, HaCaT cells were treated with IGF-II protein for 24hrs and HepG2 cells were treated with $CoCl_2$. Results : 1. We could ohserve that the reduction of the protein level of HIT-1 ${\alpha}$ induced by IGF-II in HaCaT cells. 2. We Could ohserve that the decreased PI3K-Akt and COX-2 expression level by Rehmannia glutinosa extracts treated in HaCaT cells independently ith ERK1/2. 3. We could observe that the reduction of the protein level of HIF-1 ${\alpha}$ induced by $CoCl_2$ in HepG2 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that Rehmannia glutinosa extracts contributes to the anti-survival pathway and anti-inflammatory activities. Also, we could assume that Rehmannia glutinosa act as anti-inflanmmatory or anti-hypoxia agents via reduction of COX-2 and HIF-1 ${\alpha}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1218-1228
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• 2013

Fat quality is determined by the composition of fatty acids. Genetic relationships between this composition and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) gene were examined using 513 Korean native cattle. Single and epistatic effects of 7 SNP genetic variations were investigated, and the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method was used to investigate gene interactions in terms of oleic acid (C18:1), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and marbling score (MS). The g.6850+77 A>G and g.14047 C>T SNP interactions were identified as the statistically optimal combination (C18:1, MUFAs and MS permutation p-values were 0.000, 0.000 and 0.001 respectively) of two-way gene interactions. The interaction effects of g.6850+77 A>G, g.10213 T>C and g.14047 C>T reflected the highest training-balanced accuracy (63.76%, 64.70% and 61.85% respectively) and was better than the individual effects for C18:1, MUFAs and MS. In addition, the superior genotype groups were AATTCC, AGTTCC, GGTCCC, AGTCCT, GGCCCT and AGCCTT. These results suggest that the selected SNP combination of the SCD1 gene and superior genotype groups can provide useful inferences for the improvement of the fatty acid composition in Korean native cattle.