• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 2019

The multi-layer insulating curtains used in the experiment was produced in six combinations using non-woven fabric containing aerogel and compared and analyzed by measuring heat flux and heat perfusion rates due to weight, thickness and temperature changes. Using silica aerogel, which have recently been noted as new material insulation, this study tries to produce a new combination of multi-layer insulating curtains that can complement the shortcomings of the multi-layer insulating curtains currently in use and maintain and improve its warmth, and analyze the thermal properties. The heat flux means the amount of heat passing per unit time per unit area, and the higher the value, the more heat passing through the multi-layer insulating curtain, and it can be judged that the heat retention is low. The weight and thickness of multi-layer insulation curtains were found to be highly correlated with thermal insulation. In particular, insulation curtains combined with aerogel meltblown non-woven fabric had relatively higher thermal insulation than insulation curtains with the same number of insulation materials. However, the aerogel meltblown non-woven fabric is weak in light resistance and durability, and there is a problem that the production process and aerogel are scattering. In order to solve this problems, the combination of expanded aerogel non-woven fabric and hollow fiber non-woven fabric, which are relatively simple manufacturing processes and excellent warmth, are suitable for use in real farms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.68-80
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• 2019

This study is to provide basic data for the user-oriented design for a middle school meditation forest in the future by analyzing the physical environment characteristics of existing middle school meditation forests, the users' utilization behavior, and the degree of the importance satisfaction. For this purpose, 24 evaluation indices based on site characteristics, naturalness, functionality, and the effectiveness of meditation forest sites were selected for analysis of importance satisfaction. We surveyed and analyzed the students and teachers of two middle schools 'A' and 'B' in Gwangju Metropolitan City. The results of this study are as follows. First, the perception and utilization rates of the meditation forests by students was significantly lower than teachers at both schools. 'A' school has a better use and recognition rate than the 'B' school. Second, the purposes of using meditation forests were rest (49.6%), weekday lunchtime (63.6%), with friends (65.0%) or colleagues (60%), and short (less than 10 minutes) rests (68.6%). They preferred flowers (30.0%) and shading plants (28.9%), mainly using shelters (57.9%) and walking trails (37.1%). Third, as a result of the importance of satisfaction analysis, the average score of the 24 items importance (3.81), higher than the satisfaction (3.62). The 24 items positioned in 4 quadrants are as follows: Nine items are in the I quadrant for 'persistent maintenance'. Three items are in the II quadrant for 'priority correction'. Seven items are in the quadrant III for 'low priority in the management and operation'. Five items are in the quadrant IV for 'avoid over effort'. For the comparison of two middle schools' satisfaction, 'A' school satisfaction was higher than 'B' school for 16 items, which showed a statistically significant difference. It is believed that the users in 'A' school are more satisfied than 'B' school because it has more forests and trails, better accessibility, and a variety of plant types and planting areas in the A school meditation forest. The results of the overall satisfaction analysis showed a significant difference between 'A' school (68.0%) and 'B' school (47.2%) as 'A' school has better shelters and trails. The rankings of the most satisfying space are walking trails (1st place) and shelters (2nd place). The reason for the highest satisfaction was for rest (stress relief and emotional support) in both 'A' and 'B' schools.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2019

The establishment rate of foxtail millet seeds is greatly affected by soil environment conditions. To enhance germination viability and stable production of foxtail millet seeds, it is important to select seeds with a high density. Therefore, this study tested the selection of high-quality seeds using salt solution (specific gravity: 1.000, 1.005, 1.010, 1.015, 1.020, 1.025, 1.030, 1.035, and $1.040g\;L^{-1}$) and investigated their germination rates, percentages of emergence, and seeding quality. In this study, three varieties were tested: 'Hwanggeum', 'Samdachal', and 'Kyeongkwan1'. The thousand seed weight of all three varieties increased proportionally with specific gravity. The highest thousand seed weight was observed at the selection with $1.040g\;L^{-1}$ specific gravity, which also had the highest germination rate of 88.3%, 86.7%, and 90.6%, for 'Hwanggeum'; 'Samdachal'; and 'Kyeongkwan1', respectively. The results of seeding quality indicated that higher the specific gravity during selection, the higher were the values of plant growth (plant height, leaf length, stem diameter, root length, root weight, and stem weight). All the three varieties were found to be longer or heavier for seeds selected at the specific gravity of $1.040g\;L^{-1}$. The packing germination viability investigation found that higher the specific gravity for selection of seeds, the higher was the percentage of emergence (PE) and the emergence rate index (ERI). The PE was the highest for seeds selected at $1.040g\;L^{-1}$ specific gravity (85.3, 83.0, and 87.0%), and ERI was also as high as $2.82d^{-1}\;m^{-1}$ or more at $1.040g\;L^{-1}$. Selection of seeds with salt solution resulted in high germination viability of foxtail millet. Therefore, sowing seeds selected at $1.040g\;L^{-1}$ specific gravity is expected to help substantially in increased productivity.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.90-104
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• 2019

In this study, CALPUFF modeling was performed, using a real surface and upper air meterological data to predict trustworthy modeling-results. Pollutant-releases from windscreen chambers of enclosed poultry farms, P1 and P2, and from a open poultry farm, P3, and their diffusing behavior were modeled by CALPUFF modeling with volume sources as well as by finally-adjusted CALPUFF modeling where a linear velocity of upward-exit gas averaged with the weight of each directional-emitting area was applied as a model-linear velocity ($u^M_y$) at a stack, with point sources. In addition, based upon the scenario of poultry farm-releasing odor and particulate matter (PM) removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% or their corresponding emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively, CALPUFF modeling was performed and concentrations of odor and PM were predicted at the region as a discrete receptor where civil complaints had been frequently filed. The predicted concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were compared with those required to meet according to the offensive odor control law or the atmospheric environmental law. Subsequently their required removal efficiencies at poultry farms of P1, P2 and P3 were estimated. As a result, a priori assumption that pollutant concentrations at their discrete receptors are reduced by the same fraction as pollutant concentrations at P1, P2 and P3 as volume source or point source, were controlled and reduced, was proven applicable in this study. In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of P1 compared with those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, were predicted similar each other. However, In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of both ammonia and $PM_{10}$ at not only P2 but also P3 were predicted higher than those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling. Nonetheless, the volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling was preferred as a safe approach to resolve civil complaints. Accordingly, the required degrees of pollution prevention against ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ at P1 and P2, were estimated in a proper manner.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore insomniac demographic characteristics and the type of consultation provided to hospitalized patients asked to the Department of Psychiatry for insomnia and to compare patient insomnia characteristics by consultation type. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 4,966 patients who were hospitalized from August 1, 2005 to December 31, 2011 that received consultation in the Department of Psychiatry. Among them, 236 patients were referred for insomnia. We compared the differences in demographic characteristics and types of consultation between the insomnia patient group and other patient group. We also compared the difference between demographic characteristics and type of consultation by dividing total subjects into 'with reconsultation' and 'without reconsultation' groups. Results: Our results came from the analysis of 9,689 consecutive consultation requests. There were 4,966 patients that participated in the study over 6 years and 6 months. The overall consultation rate was 3.3% of all admissions and insomnia patients comprised 4.8% of those. The ratio of re-consultation for insomnia was 27.5%. There was no significant difference in mean age between the insomnia 'with reconsultation group' and the insomnia 'without reconsultation group', but the 'with reconsultation' group had significantly more male patients and medical patients than the 'without re-consultation' group. For insomnia patients, consultation types were in the order of Mending request (51.3%), Paralle request (36.6%), Complementary request (9.0%) and this composition differed from that of total admission patients. Conclusion: Hospitalized patients referred for insomnia showed a higher proportion of male patients, lower rates of re-consultation compared with other patients, and most of these were for secondary insomnia. Each doctor should be aware of the possibility of inpatient insomnia, conduct positive assessments and referrals as necessary, and psychiatrists who might be asked for consultation need to prepare an active intervention with initial diagnosis and treatment, as well as recommendations for the timing of reconsultation.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify the differences of demographic and clinical characteristics between child-adolescents who received medical inpatient care and non-hospitalized adolescents after suicide attempts. Methods : The study included 35 child-adolescents who were hospitalized (Admission group) and 114 child-adolescents who were not hospitalized (Non-Admission group) as a result of a suicide attempt from 2009 to 2015. We compared sociodemographic, clinical, and suicide attempt-related characteristics through a chi-square test and logistic regression analysis to evaluate the differences between the two groups. Results : Child-adolescents of this study most commonly attempted suicide by poisoning, and for motivation of interpersonal problems. Admission group had significantly fewer attempts through injury by sharp objects (${\chi}^2=4.374$, p=0.037) and attempted suicide with a higher chance of actually dying when compared to Risk-Rescue Rating Scale (t=1.981, p=0.049). In addition, Admission group had relatively common motivation for academic problems (${\chi}^2=12.082$, p=0.001) and less motivation for interpersonal difficulties. (${\chi}^2=9.869$, p=0.002) Psychiatric diagnosis at the time of visiting the emergency department showed higher rates of depression in the admission group than Non-Admission group (${\chi}^2=8.649$, p=0.003). The results of logistic regression showed that depression affects hospitalization (OR=2.783, 95% CI 1.092-7.089, p=0.032). Conclusions : This study is meaningful in that it revealed the social and clinical characteristics of all child-adolescents who were hospitalized at a university hospital after attempting suicide. This study identified differences in motivation, methods, and psychiatric diagnosis of hospitalized adolescents and those who were not. Therefore, the results may help adolescent suicide attempters to get a discriminatory approach based on their admission.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.97-106
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• 2018

This study aimed at examining the suitability of $Tenax^{(R)}$ for the migration testing of food packaging materials, which is currently approved in the EU as a dry food simulant. The results are used as a basis to examine the feasibility of introducing $Tenax^{(R)}$ to Korean regulation. The OMVs of test specimen into various solvents (diethyl ether, ethanol, pentane, and acetone) after exposure to $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr were compared. Diethyl ether showed the highest OMV ($1.33mg/dm^2$) among the solvents tested. When the tests were conducted with different amounts of $Tenax^{(R)}$ of 2, 4, or 8 g per specimen, the OMVs were 0.75, 1.33 and $1.40mg/dm^2$, respectively. The OMV obtained with a closed system after wrapping with aluminum foil showed a significantly higher OMV ($1.61mg/dm^2$) than that without aluminum wrapping ($1.318mg/dm^2w$) and an open system without lid ($1.06mg/dm^2$). The specific migration rates of surrogates spiked in the polyethylene test film and paper samples into $Tenax^{(R)}$ were compared with those into liquid food simulants including 95% ethanol and n-heptane, and actual foods such as starch, skim milk, and sugar. In general, the specific migration levels of surrogates into $Tenax^{(R)}$ were similar compared with n-heptane, however those were significantly higher than into actual foods. These results suggest that $Tenax^{(R)}$ may be used as a food simulant for the long-term preservation of dried foods and paper products. However, more studies need to be conducted to investigate the factors influencing the migration into $Tenax^{(R)}$, such as the types of foods and packaging materials tested, migration conditions, and surrogates properties etc.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1003-1012
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• 2018

This study is for checking the possibility of Lentinula edodes as cosmetic materials. For this we carried out biological active evaluation about anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by Lentinula edodes extracts. We extracted Lentinula edodes with water and 70% ethanol and then in order to evaluate anti-oxidant activity we treated samples by concentrations (100, 500, 1000) ${\mu}g/ml$ and carried out 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the activity of 2,2'-azino-bis ( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid )-diammonium salt (ABTS) cation radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase(SOD) like activity. Also, in order to evaluate effect of anti-inflammatory the samples in macrophages(RAW 264.7 cells), we carried out evaluation of cell viability, nitric oxide inhibitory activity western blot. The results of DPPH, $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of the Lentinula edodes extracts increased in dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxic of samples by MTT assay showed no toxicity at the concentrations of 10, 25 and $50{\mu}g/ml$ of Lentinula edodes extract. Nitric oxide inhibition activity results showed that the extracts reduced NO productions in a concentration-dependent manner. Expression of inflammatory cytokines as $TNF-{\alpha}$, $PGE_2$ and $IL-1{\beta}$ decreased in a concentration-dependent manner and iNOS and COX-2 proteins expression rates were decreased significantly in western blot analysis. From the results of the experiment, it was comfirmed that the Lentinula edodes extracts had excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect and could be used as a safe natural cosmetic material in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.16
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• pp.147-200
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• 2007

Archives provide users with easier and more convenient access to and use of archival data through their Internet websites. Now, archival websites function not only as a tool of information provision or marketing, or as a gateway of Internet-based materials, but also as cyber space for all services of archives, providing users with information and knowledge and direct accessibility to the services in the archives. At present, Korean archives are proceeding with establishing websites or upgrading existing websites, and the use rates and reliability of web services by users are becoming higher. However, although there have been various studies for the evaluation of general websites, few are found with regard to the evaluation of archival websites. It is necessary for archival websites that provide information service to users of every stripe to make more efforts and have more interest in user-centered convenience, right to know, and information provision-centered service. Accordingly, needless to say, it is necessary to study evaluation criteria of websites so that high quality archival websites can be established. With this background, this study establishes evaluation criteria for archival websites, which are appropriate to their objectives and functions and directly evaluates archives, presenting ways to establish and redevelop archival websites. More detailed purposes are as follows: First, analyzes existing theories of evaluation through reviews on previous literature and elicits evaluation criteria for websites, which are appropriate to archives; Second, based on the elicited evaluation criteria for archival websites, examines the current state of domestic archival websites through analytic evaluation; and Third, presents ways to improve archival websites that may be helpful in establishing or improving them in the future. The expectancy effects of this study are as follows: First, it will be helpful when one wishes to identify the current state of archival websites and to improve or redevelop existing websites, or to develop online service through website; Second, it will function as a checklist when a developer who is to establish an archival website wishes to develop evaluation criteria; and Third, it may be used as an inspection tool when an archives contracts out the establishment of its website.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

This study analyzed the characteristics of 6 recyclable bulking agents which can replace sawdust and rice hulls that are commonly used in livestock manure composting. The content of all the hazardous chemicals found in the bulking agents used in this experiment was between 0.0 and 34.1 ppm, which was noticeably lesser than the maximum content levels of hazardous substances 5.0~900.0 ppm prescribed by the Rural Development Administration(RDA), which means that the bulking agents would be able to replace sawdusts and rice husks. The water content of the bulking agents ranged from a minimum of 12.4% to a maximum of 16.6% in the original state, which was much less than 60%, the optimal moisture content. These results indicate that they would be able to function fully as bulking agents. Their water absorption rate was in the range of minimum 31.9% ~ maximum 600.0%, which showed huge differences among the types of bulking agents. The most appropriate bulking agent in terms of water absorption rate was wood pellets. It was the highest in the wood briquette manufactured by A, which was followed by C and B in the order. The shear strength of the 5 types of bulking agents in the original state was 271.7 N on an average, the highest figure of all, except for the oak briquette whose shear strength could not be measured and the wood pellets in the absorption state. The shear strength in the dry and absorption states then followed, and were 78.0 N and 27.7 N on an average, respectively. The wood briquette of A recorded considerably lower shear strength than that of B and C. Overall, shear strength tended to increase according to lower water absorption rates. Since pine wood chips and oak cuts have relatively greater shear strength even in the absorbing state than the other materials, they will be able to endure some power in the case of stirring with pig droppings.