• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.139-147
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• 1999

Rapid Prototyping has made a drastic change in all industries which needs to reduce the time for the development of new products. Orientation and packing in rapid prototyping is considered as the most important factors to maximize the utilization of space in the build chamber and reduce build time. However, the decision of these parameter is mainly dependant on the operators's experience. This paper presents the methodology to find the optimal build layout considering an orientation and packing of multiple parts in SLS processing. Each part is represented as a voxel structure to deal with the inefficiency in a bounding box approach. Test results show that the adapted BL algorithm with a genetic algorithm(GA) can be applicable to a real industry.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2012

Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) alloy have been widely used as alternative to bone due to its excellent biocompatibility, although it still has many problems such as high elastic modulus and toxicity. Therefore, biomaterials with low elastic modulus and non toxic characteristics have to be developed. A novel ${\beta}$ Ti-35wt%Nb-7wt%Zr-Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) composite that is a biocompatible alloy without elemental Al or V was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at $1000^{\circ}C$ under 70 MPa using high energy mechanical milled (HEMM) powder. The microstructure and phases of the milled powders and the sintered specimens were studied using SEM, TEM, and XRD. Ti-35wt%Nb-7wt%Zr alloy was transformed from ${\alpha}$ phase to ${\beta}$ phase in the 4h-milled powder by sintering. The sintered specimen using the 4h-milled powder showed that all the elements were distributed very homogeneously and had higher density and hardness. ${\beta}$ Ti alloy-CPP composite, which has nanometer particles, was fabricated by SPS using HEMMed powder. During the sintering process, $CaTiO_3$, TixOy, and CaO were formed because of the reaction between Ti and CPP. The Vickers hardness of the composites increases with the increase of the milling time and the addition of CPP. The biocompatibility of the Ti-Nb-Zr alloys was improved by addition of CPP.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.197-198
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• 2006

In the solid freeform fabrication (SFF) system using selective laser sintering (SLS), polyamide-12 powder is currently recognized as general material. In this study, some kinds of polyamide-6 powders with different shape and particlesize were fabricated to investigate the formability, the microstructure and mechanical properties. Also, to develop a more elaborate and rapid system, this study employs a new SLS device with a 3-axis dynamic focusing scanner system instead of the existing fe lens used in commercial SLS. Polyamide-6 powders having the average size of 100 m were treated thermally in order to keep the spherical symmetry in shape. These polyamide-6 powders were mixed with polyamide-12 powders having the average size of 50 m to give the bimodal distribution of size. These mixed powders showed the better fabrication in the selective laser sintering process because the smaller particles of polyamide-11 played an important role in the compact packing of powders by filling the void space between the large particles of polyamide-6. Also, Experiments have performed to evaluate the effect of a scanning path and sintering parameters by fabricating the various 3D objects.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.399-410
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• 2022

Changes in the mechanical properties and microstructure of an IN 939 W alloy according to the sintering heating rate were evaluated. IN 939 W alloy samples were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The phase fraction, number density, and mean radius of the IN 939 W alloy were calculated using a thermodynamic calculation. A universal testing machine and micro-Vickers hardness tester were employed to confirm the mechanical properties of the IN 939 W alloy. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Cs-corrected-field emission transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry were used to evaluate the microstructure of the alloy. The rapid sintering heating rate resulted in a slightly dispersed γ' phase and chromium oxide. It also suppressed the precipitation of the η phase. These helped to reinforce the mechanical properties.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1237-1242
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• 2011

인산칼슘 재료는 하이드록시 아파타이트(Hydroxyapatite)와 트리칼슘 포스페이트(Tricalcium-phosphate)를 포함하고 있으며, 인체 골 조직의 무기성분으로 세포 독성이 없고 생체 적합한 성질을 가지고 골 전도성이 있다. 또한 두 재료가 혼합되어 있는 이상 인산칼슘(Biphasic calcium phosphate) 재료는 골 유도성이 있다고 알려져 있다. 이러한 골 조직 재생에 많은 장점을 가지고 있는 인산칼슘 재료는 파우더 타입으로, 3 차원 자유형상의 인공지지체를 제작하는 데 어려움이 있어 고분자 재료에 첨가하여 사용되었다. 본 연구에서는 자유형상 제작 기술을 이용하여 원하는 내/외부 형상을 가지는 3 차원 인산칼슘 인공지지체를 제작하고, 골 조직 재생용 인공지지체로의 사용이 적합한지를 확인하기 위해 MC3T3-E1 를 이용한 세포 증식, 골 조직 분화 실험을 수행하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.393-400
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• 1994

1$\mu \textrm{m}$이하의 텅스텐 분말에 구리를 균일하게 코팅하는 공정을 새로이 개발했다. 구리가 코팅된 $\mu \textrm{m}$이하의 텅스텐 분말을 이용하여 액상소결하였으며, 구리가 균일하게 분포된 W-Cu합금을 얻을 수있었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 방법에 의해 구리의 함유량을 10wt.%이하로 낮추면서도 균일한 W-Cu합금을 얻을 수 있었으며, 특히 코발트를 같은 방식에 의해 첨가하면 구리액상이 형성된 후 급격히 치밀화하여 96% 이상의 상대밀도를 갖는 W-Cu 합금을 제작하는데 성공하였다. 코발트 첨가에 의한 급격한 치밀화의 증가는 텅스텐과 구리액상 사이의 접착성 향상에 기인하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1295-1298
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• 2004

Selective Laser Sintering(SLS) method is one of Rapid Prototyping(RP) technologies. It is used to fabricate desirable part to sinter powder and stack the fabricated layer. To develop this SLS machine, it needs effective scanning path and the development of scanning device. This paper shows how to make fast scanning path with respect to scan spacing, laser beam size and scanning direction from 2-dimensional sliced file generated in commercial CAD/CAM software. Also, we develop the scanning device and its control algorithm to precisely follow the generated scanning path. Scanning path affects precision and total machining time of the final fabricated part. Sintering occurs using infrared laser which has high thermal energy. As a result, shrinkage and curling of the fabricated part occurs according to thermal distribution. Therefore, fast scanning path generation is needed to eliminate the factors of quality deterioration. It highly affects machining efficiency and prevents shrinkage and curling by relatively lessening the thermal distribution of the surface of sintering layer. To generate this fast scanning path, adaptive path generation is needed with respect to the shape of each layer, and not simply x, y scanning, but the scanning of arbitrary direction must be enabled. This paper addresses path generation method to focus on fast scanning, and development of scanning system and control algorithm to precisely follow generated path.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2012

GDC20($Ce_{0.8}Gd_{0.2}O_{1.9}$) powder was synthesized from Ce and Gd nitrate solutions using ammonium carbonate($(NH_4)_2CO_3$) as a precipitant. Attrition-milling of the powder, which had been calcined at $700^{\circ}C$ for 4 h, decreased an average particle size of 2.2 ${\mu}m$ to 0.5 ${\mu}m$. The milled powder consisted of nano-sized spherical primary particles. Due to the excellent sinterability of the powder, sintering of the powder compacts for 4 h showed relative densities of 80% at 1000 $^{\circ}C$ and 96.5% at $1200^{\circ}C$, respectively. Densification was found to almost complete at $1300^{\circ}C$, resulting in a dense and homogeneous microstructure with a relative density of 99.5%. The grains of ~0.2 ${\mu}m$ in size at $1200^{\circ}C$ grew to ~1 ${\mu}m$ in size at $1300^{\circ}C$ as a result of a rapid grain growth.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.435-443
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• 1990

By using the centrifugal atomization, which is one of the rapid solidification processes, Al-5,10wt%Pb alloys which are monotectic alloys were melted at 150K over two liquid phase line in the phase diagram. The melted alloy was poured on the rotating disk, being made into atomized powders, and then the solidified microstructure and morphology of the powder were investigated. This study converted the produced powders into strips by strained powder rolling. According to sintering temperature, the microstructure and hardness were investigated. The solidified structure of the powders were almost cellular dendritic structure. Pb particles ($2.0-3.0{\mu}m$) were fairl distributed in the Al matrix. Powder shapes were irregular. Rolling property and the compacting was good, respectively, because of increasing mechanical interlocking and surface area in the small size powders. With increasing temperature, the boundarys of powders were in porous form due to the diffusion. Pb particles which were surrounding the pores were inverse-segregated at the surface of the powders. With increasing of sintering temperature, the hardness of the powders and the strips decreased. In particular rolling-strip, the hardness abruptly decreased due to the release of work-hardening.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.373-378
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• 2010

Nanostuctured TiAl powder was synthesized by high energy ball milling. A dense nanostuctured TiAl was consolidated using pulsed current activated sintering method within 2 minutes from mechanically synthesized powders of TiAl and horizontally milled powders of Ti+Al. The grain size and hardness of TiAl sintered from horizontally milled Ti+Al powders and high energy ball milled TiAl powder were 35 nm, 20 nm and 450 kg/$mm^2$, 630 kg/$mm^2$, respectively.