• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.539-551
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• 2005

Finite elements based on isoparametric formulation are known to suffer spurious stiffness properties and corresponding stress oscillations, even when care is taken to ensure that completeness and continuity requirements are enforced. This occurs frequently when the physics of the problem requires multiple strain components to be defined. This kind of error, commonly known as locking, can be circumvented by using reduced integration techniques to evaluate the element stiffness matrices instead of the full integration that is mathematically prescribed. However, the reduced integration technique itself can have a further drawback - rank deficiency, which physically implies that spurious energy modes (e.g., hourglass modes) are introduced because of reduced integration. Such instability in an existing stiffness matrix is generally detected by means of an eigenvalue test. In this paper we show that a knowledge of the dimension of the solution space spanned by the column vectors of the strain-displacement matrix can be used to identify the instabilities arising in an element due to reduced/selective integration techniques a priori, without having to complete the element stiffness matrix formulation and then test for zero eigenvalues.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship among nurses' workplace bullying experience, organizational culture, and organizational commitment. Methods: Nurses who had worked for more than 6 months (N=299) were selected from 5 general hospitals. Data were collected from August to September 2014, using a self- reported questionnaire, and were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Among the participants, 17.7% reported having experienced workplace bullying. Those who had experienced workplace bullying reported significantly lower relation-oriented culture, innovation-oriented culture, and organizational commitment as compared to the other group (t=-2.50, p=.016; t=-2.60, p=.011; t=-2.91, p=.004, respectively). Rank-oriented culture was higher in those who had experienced workplace bullying as compared to those who had not (t=2.76, p=.007). Conclusion: Those who had experienced workplace bullying had higher scores on rank-oriented culture and lower scores on innovation-oriented culture, relation-oriented culture, and organizational commitment. To reduce workplace bullying among nurses, hospital managers should improve the relation-oriented organizational culture and alleviate the rank-oriented culture.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2003

Motivation: Many have observed a nonlinear relationship between the signal intensity and the transcript abundance in microarray data. The first step in analyzing the data is to normalize it properly, and this should include a correction for the nonlinearity. The commonly used linear normalization schemes do not address this problem. Results: Nonlinearity is present in both cDNA and oligonucleotide arrays, but we concentrate on the latter in this paper. Across a set of chips, we identify those genes whose within-chip ranks are relatively constant compared to other genes of similar intensity. For each gene, we compute the sum of the squares of the differences in its within-chip ranks between every pair of chips as our statistic and we select a small fraction of the genes with the minimal changes in ranks at each intensity level. These genes are most likely to be non-differentially expressed and are subsequently used in the normalization procedure. This method is a generalization of the rank-invariant normalization (Li and Wong, 2001), using all available chips rather than two at a time to gather more information, while using the chip that is least likely to be affected by nonlinear effects as the reference chip. The assumption in our method is that there are at least a small number of non­differentially expressed genes across the intensity range. The normalized expression values can be substantially different from the unnormalized values and may result in altered down-stream analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.569-580
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• 2015

Log-rank is widely used for testing equality of two survival functions, and this method is efficient only under the proportional hazard assumption. However, crossing survival functions are common in practice. Therefore, many approaches have been suggested to test equality of them. This study considered several methods; Renyi type test, modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer-von Mises test, and weighted Log-rank test, which can be applied when the survival functions cross, and simulated power of those methods. Based on the simulation results, we provide the useful information to choose a suitable approach in a given situation.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.781-790
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• 2009

This paper deals with a rank transformation method and a Theil's method based on an ${\alpha}$-level set of a fuzzy number to construct a fuzzy linear regression model. The rank transformation method is a simple procedure where the data are merely replaced with their corresponding ranks, and the Theil's method uses the median of all estimates of the parameter calculated from selected pairs of observations. We also consider two numerical examples to evaluate effectiveness of the fuzzy regression model using the proposed method and of another fuzzy regression model using the least square method.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.341-363
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• 2006

All industries must be cope with fast technological progress along with the economic changes experience. However, a fishery and ocean industry are something yet to study base data for HRD and classifying occupation. Therefore, this study points to major problems which related useful data of information on the fishery and ocean industry. The purpose of this study is to classify fishery and ocean occupations by KSCO. The study is carried out though review of the literature, field investigation, direct interview and an experts' meeting of 5 field majors. A proposed classification of fishery and ocean occupations is modified on several times by the meeting of experts' group. Finally, a systematic classification of fishery and ocean occupations is as follows. First of all, first rank change from fishing to fishery industry. And the second rank, fishery and ocean occupations were classified into four categories bases on the systematic and comprehensive, as it were production fisheries, fishery products and processing, fishery supplies and infrastructure, fishery services. Each rank of classifying occupation is from two to four steps based on the occupation cluster.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.167-180
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• 2006

Websites in the Internet are uncontrollable domain and various contents in websites lead people's activities and thoughts and new business paradigms for the future. These phenomena are from expanding the social network based on the endless growth of information technology. Websites are composed with many of links and communicating and expanding their virtual area by links, inbound, outbound, onsite, and of offsite links. Research and practice in digital information on the web have focused on finding and measuring artifacts, factors and attributes of web structure and contents from the perspective that information is a resource and property of products and services. Websites links is one of the core artifacts for understanding the virtual area. This study identifies the role of web link structure and webpage keyword as artifacts and examines their relationships by webpage rank by a minimal hub as performance in the business websites that are serving tourism information. Discovering relationships of links provides managerial insights on organizations virtual activities and systematic understandings about digitalized organizational information in the information use environment.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.11 no.4 s.42
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

In this paper we propose Wilcoxon test, Median test and Van der Waerden test such as linear rank tests in two-sample location problem for detecting edges effectively in noisy images. These methods are based on detecting image intensity changes between two pixel neighborhoods using an edge-height model to perform effectively on noisy images. The neighborhood size used here is small and its shape is varied adaptively according to edge orientations. We compare and analysis the performance of these statistical edge detectors on both natural images and synthetic images with and without noise.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.437-446
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• 2012

A face detection algorithms using two-dimensional (2-D) intensity or color images have been studied for decades. Recently, with the development of low-cost range sensor, three-dimensional (3-D) information (i.e., depth image that represents the distance between a camera and objects) can be easily used to reliably extract facial features. Most people have a similar pattern of 3-D facial structure. This paper proposes a face detection method using intensity and depth images. At first, adaboost algorithm using intensity image classifies face and nonface candidate regions. Each candidate region is divided into $5{\times}5$ blocks and depth values are averaged in each block. Then, $5{\times}5$ block rank pattern is constructed by sorting block averages of depth values. Finally, candidate regions are classified as face and nonface regions by matching the constructed depth map based block rank patterns and a template pattern that is generated from training data set. For template matching, the $5{\times}5$ template block rank pattern is prior constructed by averaging block ranks using training data set. The proposed algorithm is tested on real images obtained by Kinect range sensor. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm effectively eliminates most false positives with true positives well preserved.