• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1998

We conducted this study as a fundamental study on the response of various tree species against acid rain. The tree species used for this study were Zelkova serrata, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus acutissima, Prunus serrulata, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus densiflora. The leaves were examined for the pH changes by treatment time and the chlorophyll content into various pH solution in vitro. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. When the leaves were immersed in the solution of various pH(pH 3.0-pH 6.0) levels, the pH were changed to species specific pH ranges as pH 5.0~pH 5.5 of Z. serrata, pH 5.5~pH 6.0 of R. pseudoacacia, pH 4.5~pH 5.0 of Q. acutissima, pH 5.5~pH 6.0 of P. serrulata, pH 3.5~pH 4.5 of G. biloba, pH 3.5~pH 4.5 of P. koraiensis until 48 hours. However, in case of P. densiflora, it was difficult to find specific pH range of the species. Z. serrata, R. pseudoacacia and P. serrulata showed a little pH increasing by pH 2.0 solution treatment, while other species showed no change by the solution. 2. The amount of chlorophyll contents in Z. serrata, R. pseudoacacia and P. serrulata were decreased after immersing in the pH 2.0 solution. Chlorophyll content was almost constant in other pH levels. Other species showed almost constant chlorophyll contents in various pH levels and treatment time.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2010

The uses of the polypropylene bulk bags having the loading capacities more than 500 kg are increasing in Korea recently as a storage container for rough rice. This study was performed to obtain the basic information on the changes of temperature and relative humidity in the bulk-bag-stored high moisture rough rice during waiting for drying. At the moisture content more than 22% on wet weight basis of paddy, the bulk-bag inside temperature rose up to more than $40^{\circ}C$ and then slid down during storage. For example, in case of Hwaseongbyeo, 26.5% moisture content of rough rice (MCRR) harvested at 46 days after heading (DAH) showed $54.5^{\circ}C$ of peak temperature at 66.8 hours after bulk-bag loading, 22.5% MCRR harvested at 52 DAH exhibited $42.0^{\circ}C$ at 81.1 hours, and 19.7% MCRR harvested at 55 DAH displayed $38.9^{\circ}C$ at 119.0 hours. There were a good linear relationship between peak temperatures of bulk-bag inside and moisture contents of paddy ($r^2$=0.89 in 2005, and 0.87 in 2006), while the slope and intercept of the linear regression equation was affected by the environmental conditions such as ambient temperatures and microbial flora. The peak temperatures increased with the rate of about $2.74-3.33^{\circ}C$ per every 1% increase of moisture content at higher moisture contents of paddy than 19%. The relative humidity varied depending on bulk-bag inside temperature and rough rice moisture content, and showed the range of 94.2% to 99.9% in the central point of the bulk-bag. The results suggested that a rapid drying treatment as soon as possible was needed to produce a good quality of rice when the paddy of high moisture more than 22% on wet basis was harvested in a bulk-bag especially at high ambient temperature.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.465-491
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the short animation film which faithfully follows the external dimension of cartoons, and studies the hidden subject and the way of narrative in the back of the figure. In this process, we analyze the theme of using the analysis method of mosaic image. The narrative of cartoons is usually the majority in discussing the differences in the aspectual part. However, this animation uses cartoons to reach the linear narrative of ordinary narrative movies. As Janet Murray explains, if a 'mosaic image' approaches a theme through a mosaic approach, we can limit the 'mosaic film' that are introduced in the film format among them. First of all, conceptually uses the characteristics of 'mosaic image', at the same time, it utilizes a work utilizing the narrative features of 'mosaic film'. By analyzing this animation film by bifurcation, the first half reveals the characteristics of open-minded mosaic video platform, and the second half introduces the linear narrative method of film narrative. This paper divides the narrative method of 'multi plot Film' into three types: mosaic narrative film, network narrative film, and multi-draft film. Thus, we can analyze the ending of as a narrative method of 'network narrative film' which is composed of parallel or juxtaposed stories. In other words, if the early part of the animation follows the 'mosaic narrative' as an 'extension of ensemble film', the latter part faithfully follows 'network narrative'. Even in the way of talking about the subject, this animated film uses the way of speaking the mosaic image. Considering the aspectual tendency of cartoons, it can be said that this film derives the meaning of 'humor' or 'satire' in an open way. If the first half refers to 'the ambiguous routine of modern man', the latter half draws a profound theme called 'the reality of human selfishness in modern society'. is a film for a wide range of social criticism designed for adults who can interpret meaning.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2011

Purpose: We wanted to analyze and report on the radiologic and clinical results of prospective Hook plate fixation for unstable distal clavicle fractures after a minimum of 2 years follow up. Materials and Methods: We followed up 17 out of 20 cases that underwent prospective Hook plate fixation from 2008 to 2009. We performed radiologic follow up at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 18 months and 24 months postoperatively. The clinical results were evaluated at 12 months and 24 months postoperatively. Results: The mean period for bony fusion was 14.5 weeks and the plate was removed after an average of 20.2 weeks. The VAS pain scores were 0.7 and 0.8, the UCLA scores were 33.5 and 33.3, the ASES scores were 92.8 and 92.5, the Constant-Murley scores were 81.5 and 77.0, the KSS scores were 92.5 and 94.3 and the ranges of motion were $173.3^{\circ}$ and $173.7^{\circ}$ of flexion, $56.0^{\circ}$ and $54.5^{\circ}$ of external rotation, $62.3^{\circ}$ and $63.5^{\circ}$ of the internal rotation, $172.0^{\circ}$ and $172.6^{\circ}$ of abduction and $43.3^{\circ}$, and $42.9^{\circ}$ of extension at 1 and 2 years follow-up, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference of clinical outcomes and the range of motion at 1 year and 2 year postoperatively (p>0.05). There was no other complication except 1 case of delayed union. Conclusion: For Hook plate fixation at 2 years postoperatively, the complications will be decreased and excellent clinical results should occur.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.230-236
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• 2010

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the result of percutaneous, mini-open reduction for the treatment of Mason II or III radial head and neck fractures. Materials and Methods: 13 patients (8 male, 5 female) with Mason II or III radial head and neck fractures were treated by 1 cm percutaneous mini-open reduction under fluoroscopy. The average age of our subjects was 29 years. Follow up duration was 18 months. Results: Union was noted in all cases. Mean radial neck angulation was decreased from 33.2 degrees to 7.8 degrees. The mean change in angulation between the immediate post-operative and last follow-up was 0.7 degrees. The mean range of motion at the elbow joint was at last follow up, 133.1 degrees in flexion, 7.3 degrees in extension, 80 degrees in pronation and 84.3 degrees in supination. Postoperatively, mean Mayo Elbow Performance Index, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons elbow score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score were 96.2, 97 and 1.2. Temporary posterior interosseous nerve palsy (1 case) and minimal cubitus valgus deformity (1 case) were noted. Conclusion: Selected Mason II or III radial head and neck fractures can be treated satisfactorily with percutaneous mini-open reduction.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.189-193
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• 2009

Purpose: To report on the changes in the patterns of care and survival over time for esthesioneuroblastoma. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 42 previously untreated and histologically confirmed esthesioneuroblastoma patients seen between March 1989 and June 2007. According to Kadish's classification, 3 patients (7%) were stage A, 6 (14%) at stage B, and 33 (79%) at stage C. Of the 33 Kadish C patients, 19 and 14 patients were treated from 1989 through 2000 and from 2001 through 2007, respectively. Treatment included surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods. Chemotherapy was administered to 8 of 19 patients (42%) seen from 1989 through 2000, whereas all of the 14 patients seen from 2001 through 2007 received chemotherapy (p<0.001). No patient was treated by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) from 1989 through 2000, however 8 of 14 patients (67%) seen from 2001 through 2007 underwent 3D-CRT (p<0.001). The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 6.5 years (range, 2.2~15.8 years). Results: The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates for the entire cohort were 53% and 39%, respectively. The 5-year OS was 100% for Kadish stages A or B and 39% for stage C (p=0.007). For patients with stage C disease who were treated from 1989 to 2000 and from 2001 to 2007, the 5-year OS rate was 26% and 59% (p=0.029), respectively and the corresponding 5-year PFS rate was 16% and 46% (p=0.001), respectively. Intraorbital extension and treatment era (1989~2000 vs. 2001~2007) were found as independent factors for OS and PFS in a multivariate analyses. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that treatment era, which features a distinction in treatment modality and technique with the introduction of 3D-CRT, may be the cause of improved OS and PFS in Kadish stage C patients. To achieve better outcomes for patients with Kadish stage C, combined chemoradiotherapy, especially 3D-CRT, is recommended in addition to surgery.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-206
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• 2019

This research examines the characteristic of regulation on Japanese clinical research in recent years. First, Japan has had a severe punishment policy on research misconduct like Korea, but, in recent days, Japan has changed the direction of research ethics policy from restriction to research publicness securement by educational training, in addition, Act of Clinical Research, effected April 2018, has recruited excellent researchers, and then integrated clinical research and medicine clinical trial through raising transparency of funding and integrating ethics screening by mandating announcement on funding information of clinical research. Second, Japan has integrated and organized ethics guideline from dual system that consists of ethics guideline on dynamic research(here after, referred to as 「dynamic guideline」) and ethics guideline on clinical research(here after, referred to as 「clinical guideline」) to ethics guideline on medical research aimed at human(here after, referred to as 「integrated guideline」), thus, it complements repetition and deficit of ethics guideline needed in clinical research and dynamic research, and it has risk evaluation system for protecting human subjects, and also it clarifies the concept of 「invasiveness」, a preliminary consideration of evaluation. 「Evaluation issue of risk and profit」, common contents of international regulation related clinical research, is the method to check whether the research is designed appropriately or not, this is the method for Institutional Review Board to decide whether the risk on human subjects could be justified, and also this is the important standard for future human subjects to participate in clinical trial. Therefore, it is meaningful to define 「invasiveness」 concept, a preliminary consideration of risk evaluation for human subjects. This research examines Japanese clinical trial focusing on change of awareness on prevention of research misconduct, efficiency improvement of research through research screening and integration of human subjects, and clarification and extension of range of 「invasiveness」 concept, a preliminary of risk evaluation to protect human subjects.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

Resveratrol has been associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and reduced cancer risk. This phytochemical has been reported in a number of plant species including grapes, peanuts and pine trees in response to stress such as fungal infection, heavy metal ions or UV irradiation. The objective of this study was to determine the resveratrol contents in leaves of mulberry varieties at different collecting times. Quantitative analysis of 16 cultivars showed a range of $102{\sim}466{\mu}g/100g$ on dry weight basis (which is equivalent to $25{\sim}116.5{\mu}g/100g$ on fresh weight basis). Resveratrol contents in mulberry leaves was higher in autumn than spring, and higher in fully matured leaves than in juvenile leaves. Among the tested samples, 'Kaeryangppong', 'Sugeppong' and 'Cheongilppong' collected in the middle of October showed high resveratrol contents of $838{\mu}g/100g$, $803{\mu}g/100g$, $800{\mu}g/100g$ on dry weight basis, respectively. Especially mulberry leaves dried in the shade showed of $1,030{\mu}g/100g$ on dry weight basis in resveratrol content, this result may contribute to utilization of mulberry leaves.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1998

As a way of mass process of onion, Allium cepa L., the oleoresin decompressed and concentrated is an alternative process to minimize lowering in the quality of onion during storage, to improve the original flavor and taste, and to increase variety as processing aids. This study was performed to investigate on the quality stability during storage of oleoresin. Oleoresin product was manufactured by mixing a concentration of onion juice and ethanol extract homogenously, emulsified by an additional 2% PGDR(polyglycerol condensed ricinoleate) and 1% cysteine. During 60 days storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$ the total sugar content in oleoresin product was very stable, and absorbances at 420nm as browning reaction index were 0.38, 1.53 and 3.32, respectively, addition of 1% cysteine retarded the browning reaction effectively. When oleoresin product was centrifuged(2000$\times$G, 60 minutes), the volumes of emulsion level without separation were 96.8%, 94.1% and 9.06%, respectively during 20 days, 40 days and 60 days storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, and those during 60 days storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$ were appeared to be 83.2% and 75.4%. Showing lower level as increasing storage temperature. Antioxidant indexes(AI) of soybean oil added 1% oleoresin without storage and 0.02% BHA were 1.39 and 1.72. The former showed 80.8% antioxidant activity on induction time extension effect of the latter. Antioxidant indexes of oleoresin decreased slightly as increasing storage temperature and were 1.37, 1.30 and 1.08. Total pyruvate contents were 89.9%, 79.7% and 65.2%, respectively during 60 days storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$. Rate constant, Q10 value and activation energy were 1.381~4.735 mmol/$\ell$.hr, 1.537~1.694 and 11.649 ㎉/g mole for the reduction of pyruvates in the range of storage temperatures during oleoresin storage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2003

This study was peformed to evaluate physico-chemical and textural properties, and shelf-life effect of low-fat functional sausages(LFFS) manufactured with sodium lactate(SL), lac color and various molecular weights of chitosans(low=1.5 kDa, medium=30∼40 kDa and high=200 kDa) during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. LFFS had a pH range of 6.39∼6.50, 76∼78% moisture, <2% fat, 14∼15% protein. The combination of SL and low molecular weight(MW) of chitosan improved water holding capacity(WHC), however those of SL and medium MW of chitosan reduced WHC. Vacuum purge(VP) reduced with increased MW of chitosans during refrigerated storage. The addition of chitosans reduced the lightness and yellowness, but increased the redness values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm. LFFS containing SL and medium MW of chitosan increased most texture profile analysis(TPA) values, as compared to controls with 75 and 150 ppm. The addition of SL in LFFS retarded the microbial growth for Listeria monocytogenes, however no synergistic effect with the addition of chitosans were observed. E coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium reduced during refrigerated storage, regardless of SL and chitosan treatments. Increased storage time increased values for VP, yellowness and textural properties. These results indicated that the combination of SL and various MW of chitosans affected the functional and textural properties, and inhibited the microbial growth for LM effectively. In addition, 0.5% lac color as a replacer for sodium nitrite improved the color development, resulting in similar hunter color values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm.