• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.367-371
• /
• 2007

P/M high speed steel (1.26% C, 4.42% Cr, 6.54% W, 4.92% Mo, 3.21 % V, 8.77% Co, bal. Fe) was applied to hot former die. It showed that the die life became 2.7 times higher than that of cast/wrought SKH 55 tool steel which is commercially used. The increase of die life was corresponding to the improved hardness and transverse rupture strength of PM high speed steel due to the finer grain and carbide as well as the uniform carbide distribution. The P/M high speed steel with the promoted die life could be an alternative to the conventional SKH55.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.115-132
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to provide baseline information on the risk-taking health behavior of alcohol consumption in four ethnic groups, Caucasian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, residing in the State of Hawaii. Secondary data from the State-based Health Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, designed by the Center for Disease Control, were used. The total sample analyzed for this study contained 6,068 persons. Univariate and logistic regression analysis were performed in order to determine sociodemographic profiles and the predictor variables to produce the findings of this study. The percentage distribution of six sociodemographic factors by race was very similar in all alcohol consumption factors, acute drinking, chronic drinking, and drinking and driving. In this study there were significant ethnic differences in alcohol consumption factors except drinking and driving.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 1991

Tobramycin is one of the most frequently selected agents for pharmacokinetic drug monitoring because of its narrow therapeutic index and essential role for the management of serious infections, especially gram-negative infections. Its pharmacokinetic parameters are dependent on race, sex, age, ideal body weight. disease states, and etc. Therefore, to schedule the dosing of tobramycin, the individual pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life and volume of distribution are needed. However, these pharmacokinetic parameters have never been reported in Koreans. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the volume of distribution of tobramycin in cancer patients who had normal renal function, to compare the mean values of Vd reported in the literature, and to compare the measured half-life with the expected half-life based on ABW, LBW, and IBW, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected just before and thirty minutes after dosing during steady state. Serum tobramycin concentrations were determined by $TD_x$ (fluorescence immunoassay). IBW were measured by the method of Devine: and LBW were measured by the method of Hallynck. Creatinine clearances (CLcr) of the patients were estimated using the Cockcroft and Gault equation. Elimination rate constants (kel) were determined using the Welling and Craig equation. Infusion rate (ko), volume of distribution (Vd), and half-life $(t_{1/2})$ were determined using the Saw chuk and Zaske equation. The volume of distribution Was $27\%$ greater than the Schentag's study (0.26 vs 0.33 l/kg), but the half-life was similar to the Levy's study. The predicted half-lives based on IBW were the closest to actual half-lives (1.85 vs 2.01 hr).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2001.04a
• /
• pp.1117-1120
• /
• 2001

Chemical mechanical planarization(CMP) has emerged as the planarization technique of choice in both front-end and back-end integrated circuit manufacturing. Conventional CMP process utilize a polyurethane polishing pad and liquid chemical slurry containing abrasive particles. There have been serious problems in CMP in terms of repeatability and defects in patterned wafers. Since IBM's official announcement on Copper Dual Damascene(Cu2D) technology, the semiconductor world has been engaged in a Cu2D race. Today, even after~3years of extensive R&D work, the End-of-Line(EOL) yields are still too low to allow the transition of technology to manufacturing. One of the reasons behind this is the myriad of defects associated with Cu technology. Especially, dishing and erosion defects increase the resistance because they decrease the interconnection section area, and ultimately reduce the lifetime of the semiconductor. Methods to reduce dishing & erosion have recently been interface hardness of the pad, optimization of the pattern structure as dummy patterns. Dishing & erosion are initially generated an uneven pressure distribution in the materials. These defects are accelerated by free abrasive and chemical etching. Therefore, it is known that dishing & erosion can be reduced by minimizing the abrasive concentration. Minimizing the abrasive concentration by using Ce$O_2$ is the best solution for reducing dishing & erosion and for removal rate. This paper introduce dishing & erosion generating mechanism and a method for developing a semi-rigid abrasive pad to minimize dishing & erosion during CMP.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.345-350
• /
• 1996

작물시험장 등 한국의 3개 기관에서 육성하여 1996년도 신품종으로 명명된 다산벼 등 10개 품종과 수원400호 등 6계통을 공시하여 1993년부터 1995년까지 3년동안 이천 등 4개 지역에서 도열병에 대한 발병정도 차이를 검토하였다. 밭못자리검정 결과, 다산벼, 안산벼 빛 남천벼는 발병정도 0∼7로 중도저항성 반응을 보였다. 본답에서의 잎도열병은 다산벼, 안산벼, 남천벼 일미벼 및 밀양123호에서는 전혀 발생되지 않았고, 이삭도열병 발생은 다산벼 0.7%, 안산벼 및 남천벼 1.3%, 수원400호 1.6%를 제외하고는 지역과 연도에 따라 발병정도가 달랐다. 특히 화신벼, 향남벼, 삼천벼, 일미벼 및 중화벼의 경우 이천, 춘천과 나주에서는 이삭도열병이 경미하거나 전혀 발병되지 않았으나, 1995년도 제천에서 16.1∼55.6%로 지역간, 연차간 발병정도의 차이가 심하였다. 또한 도열병균의 레이스 분포상황은 지역별로 다양하였으나 특히 이천 및 제천에서 최근에 판별된 레이스 KI-197의 분포비율이 높았다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.736-749
• /
• 2015

The present study addresses the tea utensils and tea drinking methods seen in tomb mural paintings of Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan, which were Koryo's foreign exchange countries. The paintings illustrate the pointing tea method, which was popular during dynasty times. Tea utensils observed in the paintings include a tea mill, mill stone, and tea pestle necessary for making cake tea into powder. The tea stove and boiling bottle are depicted as being required to boil water. Some mural works vividly depict how a tea drinker pours hot water from a boiling bottle into a cup with a stand, mixes it with a tea spoon, and whisks tea powder for foaming with a tea whisk. The tea drinking method of the Southern race Han is also similarly described in the tomb mural paintings of Liao, Jin, and Yuan from Northern nomads. The distribution of tea culture had an enormous influence on the development of tea utensil manufacturing methods. The significance of this study is that these findings can be used as basic data to provide food culture insights into Koryo celadon tea utensils.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.8 no.9
• /
• pp.301-311
• /
• 2021

Most leadership styles are generally designed to enhance the cognitive and behavioral skills of leaders with the implicit assumption that this would ultimately translate into high performance. As we are moving towards Industry 4.0, organizations must employ leadership styles that will help the organization succeed. Thus, the objective of this paper is to confirm the determinant factors for Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) leadership attributes in Malaysian manufacturing companies. Stratified sampling was used to select the sample. Data was collected using the online survey method, where the response rate was 43 percent. The respondents consisted of respondents aged from 31-40 years old, with 69 respondents. In terms of race, the highest number of respondents are the Malays. Questionnaires were distributed to middle and top-level managers from manufacturing companies which were listed in the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the reliability and validity of the construct. Based on the analysis, 66 items could be used to measure the 4IR leadership attributes. The validation of 4IR leadership can also provide predictive implications on improving leaders' performance, given the different attributes confirmed by the findings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.9
• /
• pp.1159-1165
• /
• 2010

Glucose is the main energy source for mammalian cells and its absorption is co-mediated by two different families of glucose transporters, sodium/glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). Here, we report the cloning and tissue distribution of porcine GLUT2. The GLUT2 was cloned by RACE and its cDNA was 2,051 bp long (GenBank accession no. EF140874). An AAATAA consensus sequence at nucleotide positions 1936-1941 was located upstream of the poly $(A)^+$ tail. Open reading frame analysis suggested that porcine GLUT2 contained 524 amino acids, with molecular weight of 57 kDa. The amino acid sequence of porcine GLUT2 was 87% and 79.4% identical with human and mouse GLUT2, respectively. GLUT2 mRNA was detected at highest level in porcine liver, at moderate levels in the small intestine and kidney, and at low levels in the brain, lung, muscle and heart. In the small intestine, the highest level was in the jejunum. In conclusion, the mRNA expression of GLUT2 was not only differentially regulated by age, but also differentially distributed along the small intestine of piglets, which may be related to availability of different intestinal luminal substrate concentrations resulting from different food sources and digestibility.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.263-269
• /
• 2014

In this study, I investigated the species composition in the Mulberry tree cultivation area from April 2013 to March 2014 at Busan. Five genera and nine species found are as follows: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826), Bimastos parvus (Eisen, 1874), Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), Drawida japonica (Michaelsen, 1892), Amynthas heteropodus (Goto&Hatai, 1898), Amynthas agrestis (Goto & Hatai, 1899), Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867), Amynthas hilgendorfi (Michaelsen, 1895), and Amynthas sp. A total of 317 individuals of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826) was collected. Ap. caligionosa and A. heteropodus were found to be the most dominant species during the study period. Interestingly, the maximum population density of Ap. caligionosa was recorded to be in the month of October. Further details analysis indicated that, its population increased rapidly during the breeding season between summer and autumn and thereafter gradually decreased through winter toward the following February. Three growth stages of Ap. caligionosa occurred almost simultaneously with abundance composition of 76% in aclitellum, 12.6% in semiclitellum, and 11.4% in clitellum. Based on my study results, I suggest that this data could be useful for the scientific community to analyze the distribution of southern earthworm species in mulberry tree cultivation area.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.771-780
• /
• 2020

QKD(Quantum Key Distribution) is one of the protocols that can make two distant parties safely share secure keys against the threat of quantum computer. Generally, cryptographic applications which are connected to the QKD device have fixed roles as a transmitter and a receiver due to the race condition and complexity of implementation. Because the conventional QKD system is mainly applied to the link encryptor, there are no problems even if the roles of the cryptographic devices are fixed. We propose a new scheme of QKD system and protocol that is easy to extend to the QKD network by eliminating quantum key dependency between cryptographic device and QKD node. The secure keys which are generated by the TRNG(True Random Number Generator) are provided to the cryptographic applications instead of quantum keys. We design an architecture to transmit safely the secure keys using the inbound and outbound quantum keys which are shared between two nodes. In this scheme, since the dependency of shared quantum keys between two QKD nodes is eliminated, all cryptographic applicatons can be a master or a slave depending on who initiates the cryptographic communications.