• 제목/요약/키워드: quadratic growth

검색결과 196건 처리시간 0.035초

단백질 수준이 진도자견의 성장과 질소평형에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Protein Levels on Growth and Nitrogen Balance in Growing Jindo Dog)

  • 강태일;맹원재;김명화;이상락
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제49권5호
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    • pp.633-638
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구는 진도자견에 대한 단백질의 급여 수준이 질소평형에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 단백질 급여 표준 설정을 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 실시하였다.생후 평균 18~20주령의 진도견 암컷 12두를 대상으로 단백질 수준을 21, 23 및 25%로 설정한 실험사료를 급여하여 체중, 사료섭취량 및 분뇨 배설량을 측정하였다. 일당 증체량은 조단백질 함량 21, 23 및 25%구에서 각각 65.42, 79.58 및 99.17g으로 나타났으며 조단백질 25%구가 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 축적된 질소량은 각각 0.74, 0.96 및 1.31g/kgBW.75/ d로 계산되었으며, 25% 조단백질 급여구가 21 및 23% 급여구에 비하여 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 질소섭취량(x, g/d)과 질소축적량(y, g/d)간에 y = -2.519x2 +12.79x-14.79의 회귀식이 도출되었고 매우 높은 상관관계가 인정되었다(R2=0.782, p<0.05). 이 식을 이용하여 계산한 결과 자견의 유지 조단백질 요구량은 11.25g/kg BW0.75/d로 추정되었다.본 연구의 결과는 진도자견의 단백질 요구량을 설정하는데 좋은 기초 자료가 될 것으로 생각되나, 진도견의 단백질 요구량을 최종적으로 설정하기 위해서는 전 생애에 걸쳐서 성별 및 사육환경에 따른 영양소 요구량에 대한 추가적인 연구가 요구된다고 사료된다.

Effects of Adding Super Dose Phytase to the Phosphorus-deficient Diets of Young Pigs on Growth Performance, Bone Quality, Minerals and Amino Acids Digestibilities

  • Zeng, Z.K.;Wang, D.;Piao, X.S.;Li, P.F.;Zhang, H.Y.;Shi, C.X.;Yu, S.K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제27권2호
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    • pp.237-246
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    • 2014
  • Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of feeding an Escherichia coli (E. coli) derived phytase to pigs fed P deficient, corn-soybean meal diets. In Exp. 1, one hundred and twenty crossbred piglets ($9.53{\pm}0.84$ kg) were allocated to one of five treatments which consisted of four low P diets (0.61% Ca, 0.46% total P and 0.24% non-phytate P) supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 20,000 FTU/kg E. coli phytase as well as a positive control formulated to be adequate in all nutrients (0.77% Ca, 0.62% total P and 0.42% non-phytate P). The treatments were applied to six pens with four pigs per pen for 28 days. In Exp. 2, ten crossbred pigs ($19.66{\pm}1.16$ kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in a nutrient balance study. The pigs were assigned to treatments similar to those used in Exp. 1 in a doubly replicated $5{\pm}4$ incomplete Latin square design (5 diets with 4 periods). Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total collection of feces and urine and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. Supplementation with phytase linearly increased (p<0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, bone breaking strength and fat-free dry and ash bone weight. There were linear increases (p<0.01) in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, GE, CP, Ca, total P, inositol hexaphosphate ($IP_6$) and some AA with increasing dose of E. coli phytase. Pigs fed 20,000 FTU/kg had a greater (p<0.05) AID of IP6 (80% vs 59% or 64%, respectively) than pigs fed diets with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg phytase. There were linear increases (p<0.05) in the total tract digestibility of Ca, total P, Na, K, Mg, and Zn as well as in the retention of Mg and Zn with increased phytase dose. The retention and utilization of Cu, and the total tract digestibility of CP and Cu quadratic increased (p<0.05) with increased phytase dose. In conclusion, supplementation of 500 FTU of phytase/kg and above effectively hydrolyzed phytate in low-P corn-soybean diets for pigs. In addition, a super dose of phytase (20,000 FTU/kg) hydrolyzed most of the IP6 and consequently further improved mineral use, protein utilization and performance.

Effects of Alpha-galactosidase Supplementation to Corn-soybean Meal Diets on Nutrient Utilization, Performance, Serum Indices and Organ Weight in Broilers

  • Wang, C.L.;Lu, W.Q.;Li, Defa;Xing, J.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제18권12호
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    • pp.1761-1768
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    • 2005
  • Effects of alpha-galactosidase (GAL) on broiler corn-soybean meal diet was investigated. In experiment 1, sixty cockerels were allocated to five groups, including three enzyme treatments (GAL added at 0, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg diet), a nitrogen-free diet group and a fast group. The true nitrogen-corrected ME (TME$_n$) and true amino acid availability were determined. In experiment 2, 324 day-old chicks were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial design consisting of two energy contents (high and low) and three GAL levels (0, 250, and 500 mg/kg). Three feeding phases, comprising 0-21 d, 22-35 d and 36-48 d, were involved. GAL addition improved TME$_n$ and the availability of methionine and cystine (p<0.05). The apparent ME (AME) or nitrogen-corrected AME (AME$_n$) and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, calcium, and phosphorus were improved significantly on d 21, so was crude protein and an interaction of energy and GAL on AME$_n$ (p<0.05) was found on d 35. However, daily intake and daily gain were significantly improved with GAL addition (p<0.05) during 21 d. The small intestine relative weight decreased at 250 mg/kg GAL (p<0.05) on d 35, whereas presented an interaction between GAL and energy on d 21 (p<0.05). Likewise, this treatment increased breast muscle ratio (p<0.05). On d 21, triglycerides level of broilers showed interaction between energy and enzyme levels (p<0.05). Uric acid level in 500 mg/kg GAL declined linearly (p<0.05). On d 35, quadratic effects (p<0.05) were observed in total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol content for enzyme supplementation. And the interactive effects of energy and GAL on serum values showed more obviously. The study implies that GAL improved energy and nutrient availability of corn-soybean meal diet in broiler. The GAL supplementation to corn-soybean meal based diet can improve performance of broilers in early stages of growth.

린코마이신과 남은 음식물의 첨가.급여가 육계의 생산성 및 혈액의 성상에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Dietary Supplemental Lincomycin and Food Waste on Performance and Blood Components of Broiler Chicks)

  • 박재홍;류경선
    • 한국가금학회지
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.43-50
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    • 2000
  • Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental lincomycin at different food waste supplements on performance of broiler chicks. Diets were based corn, soybean meal and contained 3,078, 3,089 ㎉/kg ME, 21% CP for the first three weeks and 3,116 ㎉/kg and 19% CP for the rest two weeks. Three levels of lincomycin(LM; 0, 2.2, 4.4mg/kg) and food waste (FW;0, 5, 10%) were differently used for both experiments. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio were weekly measured for five weeks. Blood components, liver and abdominal fat were sampled at the end of experiments. In experiment, 1 weight gain of birds fed 4.4mg/kg LM was significantly higher than that of no LM treatments (p<0.05). It was tended to decrease in 10% food waste treatment compared to that of control but was not significantly different. FCR of chocks fed LM supplement tended to improve as dietary LM level increased. It was not superior in 10% food waste treatment to that of control, but tended to improve compared to that of other treatments. Weight gain and FCR of birds fed 2.2mg/kg LM without food waste tended to improve compared to those of other treatments, but were not significantly different. Liver to body weight ratio birds fed LM supplements regardless of FW decreased significantly compared to that of control (p<0.05), but was not consistency in FW treatments. There was no significance in blood components except blood protein. In experiment 2, weight gain of chicks fed no FW showed quadratic, but increased as dietary supplemental LM increased. Birds fed 5% FW was not superior weight gain to that of other FW treatments. It also decreased in no LM treatment with 10% FW compared to that of control. However, the birds fed 4.4 mg/kg LM with 10% FW exhibited significantly higher weight gain the trend of weight gain. It tended to increase up to 10% FW combined with 4.4 mg/kg LM, but was not significantly different. Liver to body weight ratio of chicks fed LM was significantly decreased more than the control(p<0.05).The results of these experiments indicated that chicks fed 10% FW with 4.4 mg/kg LM supplements maximized growth rate of all treatments, but was not improve FCR in both experiments.

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Effect of Sesbania Incorporation as Nitrogen Source on Growth and Yield of Whole Crop Barley and Reduction of N Fertilizer in Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land

  • Lee, Su-Hwan;Bae, Hui-Su;Oh, Yang-Yeol;Lee, Sang-Hun;Kim, Yeong-Joo;Kim, Sun;Ryu, Jin-Hee;Jung, Kang-Ho;Lee, Choong-Geun;Kim, Jae-Hyeon;Kim, Yeong-Doo;Choi, Weon-Young;Cho, Jae-Yeong;Lee, Kyoung-Bo;Lee, Keon-Hui;Park, Ki-Do
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제49권6호
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    • pp.751-759
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    • 2016
  • It is known that the poor soil fertility of newly reclaimed saline soils is due to the lack of organic matter and available mineral nutrients for crop production. The effect of green manuring with Sesbania aculeata in combination with five rates of urea-N treatments (N0. N25, N50, N75, N100) on the productivity of a subsequent whole-crop barley and the fertility of the reclaimed saline soil in Saemangeum was evaluated in the field during 2013-2014 growing season. Sesbania was grown during summer season (June to October). The amount of Sesbania incorporated was $16.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$. Sesbania contributed to $393kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ to the soils when ploughed down and incorporated before whole-crop barley cultivated. The performances of whole-crop barley following sesbania incorporation were significantly affected by a combination of Sesbania manuring and different N rates. The N fertilizer equivalence without N fertilizer following Sesbania was 42.6% ($63.9kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$), compared with N100 ($150kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$) in fallow soils. The whole-crop barley yield responded to N fertilizer rates in both sesbania-amended and fallow soil. The yield response to nitrogen rates in fallow soil was linear (Y=0.0586X+3.3011, $R^2=0.9534$), whereas that in sesbania-amended soils was quadratic (Y= -0.001X2+0.1322X+5.7143, $R^2=0.9576$). The yield of whole-crop barley in sesbania-amended with increasing N rates was increased up to SN75 (115 kgN) $10.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$. Apparent N recovery (ANR) of whole-crop barely showed decreased with sesbania plus increasing rates of N fertilizer. Despite higher yield with sesbania manuring plus increasing N rates, the contributions of N from Sesbania with increasing N rates to whole-crop barley were decreased, whereas those from fertilizer increment due to excessively mineralized Nitrogen. Considering yield, ANR, N contribution from Sesbania and nitrogen fertilizer, the optimum N rate was N50 rate following sesbania incorporation.

The Effect of Export on R&D Cost Behavior: Evidence from Korea

  • Chang Youl Ko;Hoon Jung
    • Journal of Korea Trade
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    • 제26권5호
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    • pp.23-38
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    • 2022
  • Purpose - This research intends to find out whether R&D cost stickiness shows differentiated aspects depending on exports in Korea. A cost behavior that indicates a lower rate of costs decrease when sales decrease than the rate of costs increase when sales increase is called cost stickiness. This sticky cost behavior is caused by considering the adjusting costs. This study aims to empirically verify that R&D cost stickiness is greater in export firms than in non-export firms. We also investigate the effect of exports on R&D cost stickiness is nonlinear. Design/methodology - We obtain data for the analysis from Kis-Value and TS2000 from 2012 to 2020. This study tests for R&D cost stickiness of exports using the cost stickiness model developed by Anderson et al. (2003) that is used in a lot of prior literature. To explore the nonlinear behavior of R&D cost stickiness we include a quadratic term of exports in our model. Findings - The results of our analysis are as follows. First, we observed that R&D costs of export firms are more sticky than that of non-export firms. Our result indicated that export firms are less likely to reduce R&D costs in decreasing sales periods in preparation for future sales recovery. Second, our empirical evidence shows that export firms view R&D costs much favorably. However, we hypothesize that the effect of export intensity on R&D costs may not necessarily be linear. Our result shows the effect of exports intensity on R&D stickiness is thus nonlinear, forming a reverse U-shaped curve. When export intensity exceeds a certain threshold, the growth rate of R&D costs appears to be viewed negatively. Firms with relatively high export intensity do not support R&D costs, viewing them as taking away firms' resources from other more productive costs. On the contrary, those with export intensity under the threshold view R&D costs as beneficial and therefore promote further R&D costs when revenue decreases. Originality/value - The results of this research can contribute academically to the expansion of empirical research on R&D cost stickiness. R&D cost stickiness varies by industry. As a result of our research, the managers of export firms recognize the importance of R&D to lead innovation. We expected that this research contributes to further studies on R&D costs and cost stickiness. Second, this research has implications from a business perspectives. Our findings of export firms' R&D stickiness suggest that export firms' managers should consider keeping the stickiness of R&D when revenue decreases because it is essential for exporting firms to maintain their R&D stickiness to secure long-term competitiveness. R&D stickiness can be used on a practical basis to emphasize the need for continuous investment in exporting firms' R&D activities.

시설재배 가지에서 인산 시비농도가 생육과 양분흡수 및 무기원소 함량에 미치는 영향 (Influence of Phosphorus Concentrations in Fertilizer Solution on the Growth and Tissue Nutrient Contents of Egg Plant (Solanum melogena L.))

  • 김정만;김주;전형권;박은석;정종성;최종명
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제36권2호
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    • pp.135-145
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    • 2009
  • 관비 용액의 인산 농도가 '축양' 가지의 인산 결핍 및 과잉증상 발현, 식물 생육 그리고 수확량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 정식 35일과 150일 후의 식물체 분석을 통해 최대 생장량과 수확량을 위한 식물체내 적정 인산 함량을 설정하였다. 가지에서 인산이 결핍되면 식물체의 하엽이 암록색으로 변하면서 점차 자주색을 띄었고, 열매는 비대되지 못하여 정상과 보다 작았다. 인산 과잉시 하엽 가장자리가 반점형태의 옅은 갈색을 띈 후 점차 하엽 안쪽으로 확산되었으며, 과일은 비대되지 못하거나 곡과가 발생되었다. 정식 35일 후의 지상부 건물중과 가장 최근에 완전히 전개된 잎의 인산 함량은 인산 시비농도에 대하여 각각 3차곡 선회귀적 ($y=10.43+14.47x-4.7642x^2+0.3977x^3$) 및 2차곡선회귀적 ($y=0.7887+0.2394x-0.0197x^2$) 반응을 보였다. 최대 생장량의 90% 생장량을 생장억제를 방지하기 위한 한계점으로 설정하면 가장 최근에 완전히 전개된 잎을 기준으로 0.98~1.35%의 범위에 포한되도록 시비농도를 조절해야 한다. 정식 150일 후 수량과 식물체내 인산 함량 변화도 인산 시비농도에 대하여 각각 3차곡선회귀적반응 ($y=1194.6+1502.2x-454.5x^2+35.64x^3$) 및 2차 곡선회귀적 ($y=1.0589+0.5207x-0.0573x^2$) 반응을 보였고 가장 최근에 완전히 전개된 잎을 기준으로 인산 함량이 1.53~2.25%의 범위에 포함되도록 시비농도 및 횟수를 조절하여야 수량 감소를 방지할 수 있다고 판단하였다.

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벼 유수분화기 생육 및 질소영양 상태에 따른 쌀 단백질함량의 수비 질소 반응 (Response of Grain Protein Content to Nitrogen Topdress Rate at Panicle Initiation Stage under Different Growth and Plant Nitrogen Status of Rice)

  • 김민호;이규종;이변우
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제52권1호
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    • pp.104-111
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    • 2007
  • 백미의 단백질 함량은 쌀의 품질과 식미을 결정하는 중요한 요인이며, 질소시비에 의해서 크게 좌우된다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 기비 및 분얼비 시용량을 달리하여 수비 시기인 유수분화기에 벼의 생육 및 질소영양 상태를 다양하게 조성한 상태에서 수비 시용량을 달리하였을 때의 백미 단백질함량의 변화를 검토함으로써 고품질 쌀 생산에 맞는 질소 시비체계 설정을 위한 기초 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 1. 백미의 단백질함량은 $6{\sim}9%$로서 기비+분얼비 및 수비 시용량비 증가할수록 높아지는 경향이었는데, 기비+분얼비 시용량이 20 kgN/10a까지 증가하더라도 수비 1.8 kgN/10a 이하일 경우 백미의 단백질함량은 7% 이하였으며. 기비+분얼비 보다는 수비에 의한 단백질 함량 증가폭이 더 컸다. 2. 수확기 지상부 질소함량과 백미의 질소함량간에는 고도로 유의한 직선회귀 관계를 보였는데, 수확기 총 질소흡수량 중에서 58.3%와 46.5%가 각각 이삭과 백미로 전이되었고, 연차간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 3. 백미의 단백질 함량은 유수형성기 지상부 질소 집적량 증가에 따라서는 직선적으로 증가하였고, 유수분화기 이후 수확기까지의 질소 집적량 증가에 따라서는 2차곡선적으로 증가하였으며, 후자의 영향이 컸다. 유수분화기 지상부 질소 집적량이 8 kgN/10a까지 증가하더라도 수비 이후의 질소집적량이 3 kgN/10a미만일 경우에는 백미의 단백질함량이 7% 미만이었다. 4. 수확기까지 총 질소 집적량이 같더라도 단위면적 당 영화수에 영향이 큰 유수분화기까지의 질소 집적량이 차지하는 비중이 클수록 그리고 등숙기 기상환경이 좋아 sink의 충진에 유리한 해에 백미의 단백질함량이 낮아지는 경향이었다.

Effects of Sodium Sulfite and Extrusion on the Nutritional Value of Soybean Products for Nursery Pigs

  • Burnham, L.L.;Kim, I.H.;Kang, J.O.;Rhee, H.W.;Hancock, J.D.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제13권11호
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    • pp.1584-1592
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    • 2000
  • Three hundred nursery pigs were used in two growth assays (avg initial BW of 6.5 and 6.0 kg, respectively) to determine the effects of sodium sulfite ($Na_2SO_3$) as an extrusion aid for soy products used in diets for weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, treatments were arranged as $3{\times}2$ factorial with main effects of soy product [soybean meal (SBM), extruded SBM, and dry-extruded whole soybeans (DEWS)] and concentration of $Na_2SO_3$ (0 and 10 g/kg of soy product). The extruded SBM and DEWS treatments were processed in a dry extruder ($Insta-Pro^{(R)} $, Triple F Nutrition, Des Moines, IA) with barrel temperatures and throughputs of $169^{\circ}C$ and 578 kg/h, and $147^{\circ}C$ and 598 kg/h, respectively. All diets were formulated to 3.5 Mcal/kg DE, with 0.92% lysine for d 0 to 14, and 0.76% lysine for d 14 to 28. For d 0 to 14, there was a tendency for pigs fed diets with $Na_2SO_3$ to have greater ADG (p<0.08), and pigs fed SBM to have greater ADFI (p<0.02), thus pigs fed the extruded soy products has 15% greater gain/feed than those fed SBM (p<0.007). For d 14 to 28, there were no differences in ADG or gain/feed among pigs fed diets with SBM and those fed diets with the extruded soy products (p>0.15). However, pigs fed DEWS had greater ADG than pigs fed extruded SBM, and pigs fed $Na_2SO_3$ had greater ADG and ADFI compared to those not fed $Na_2SO_3$ (p<0.02 and 0.08, respectively). The positive response in ADG and gain/feed to the addition of $Na_2SO_3$ resulted with SBM and extruded SBM treatments, and not with DEWS (interaction effect, p<0.04). Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed DEWS had greater ADG (p<0.01) and gain/feed (p<0.08) than pigs fed extruded SBM. Also pigs fed diets with $Na_2SO_3$ had greater ADG, ADFI, and gain/feed compared to those fed diets without $Na_2SO_3$ (p<0.002, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively). Exp. 2 was designed as a $2{\times}3$ factorial with main effects of soy product (SBM and DEWS) and concentration of $Na_2SO_3$ (none, 7.5, and 15.0 g/kg of soy product). As in Exp. 1, all diets were formulated to 3.5 Mcal/kg DE, with 0.92% lysine for d 0 to 13, and 0.76% lysine for d 13 to 53. At a constant processing temperature (148 to $149^{\circ}C$, $Na_2SO_3$ increased throughput of the extruder (578, 595, and 602 kg/h for the 0, 7.5, and 15.0 g/kg additions, respectively). For d 0 to 13, treatment had no effect on ADG or ADFI, but gain/feed decreased for pigs fed SBM with increasing concentrations of $Na_2SO_3$, and increased for pigs fed DEWS with increasing concentrations of $Na_2SO_3$ (SBM vs DEWS sulfite quadratic interaction, p<0.03). For d 13 to 35, pigs fed DEWS had greater ADG (p<0.01) and gain/feed (p<0.001) than pigs fed SBM. Also, ADFI decreased and gain/feed increased with increasing concentrations of $Na_2SO_3$ (linear effects, p<0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Overall, pigs fed the diets with DEWS had greater ADG and gain/feed than pigs fed SBM (p<0.003 and 0.002, respectively), and $Na_2SO_3$ tended to decrease ADFI and increase gain/feed (linear effects, p<0.07 and 0.06, respectively). In conclusion, pigs fed DEWS had greater rate and efficiency of gain than pigs fed SBM. Also, adding $Na_2SO_3$ prior to extrusion increased yield and feed efficiency.

재배환경과 유전형의 상호작용에 따른 토마토 과실 품질 변화 (Quality Changes in Tomato Fruits Caused by Genotype and Environment Interactions)

  • 박민우;정용석;이상협
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.361-372
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    • 2017
  • 토마토(Solanum spp.)는 라이코펜, 플라보노이드, 글루타민산, ${\beta}$-카로틴 등의 풍부한 항산화 물질을 많이 함유하고 있어 건강채소로서 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 또한 토마토는 세계적인 작물로서 재배법 개선과 품종개량 등에서 많은 연구가 이루어 졌으나 국내에서는 수확량에 중점을 둔 재배를 하고 있다. 따라서 우수한 형질의 특성을 가지고 있는 품종이라도 재배지역과 방법에 따라 그 특성이 제대로 나타나지 않는 경우가 많다. 이에 10점의 품종을 이용하여 품종과 환경에 따른 라이코펜의 함량을 조사하였다. 10점의 공시재료들은 2007년부터 2014년도에 이르기 까지 농업회사 법인 현대종묘(주)에서 육성한 토마토 계통 8점과 대조품종으로 Syngenta(Basel, Switzerland)의 Defnis와 University of Florida (Gainsville, FL, USA)에서 개발한 Tasti-Lee를 사용하였다. 라이코펜 함량은 여주지역의 봄에서 여름에 걸친 하우스 재배에서 HTL3137이 $70.48mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$으로 가장 높았으며 수원지역의 봄에서 여름에 걸친 노지재배에서 HTL10256이 $20.9mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 색 구성요소와 라이코펜 함량의 상관관계는 재배 지역별과 유전형에 차이를 보였는데 수원 지역 봄에서 여름 기간의 노지재배에서는 뚜렷한 상관관계를 찾기 힘들었으나, 여주지역의 봄에서 여름기간에 걸친 재배에서는 B의 요인이 라이코펜 함량 상관관계를 보였으며 가을에서 겨울에 걸친 재배 작형에서는 G, Luminosity, $L^*$, Hue의 요소가 토마토 과실의 라이코펜 함량에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. MINQUE를 이용한 유전형, 재배환경 그리고 유전형${\times}$재배환경($genotype{\times}environment$, $G{\times}E$) 상호작용을 분석한 결과 라이코펜 함량을 좌우하는 변수는 유전형이 51.33%로 가장 많은 영향을 미쳤으며 환경변수가 49.13% 그리고 $G{\times}E$가 21.43%로 산출되었으나 AMMI을 이용한 분석에서는 $G{\times}E$가 차지하는 요인이 가장 높았으며 유전형과 환경조건이 각각 그 뒤를 따랐다.