• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.25
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• pp.483-527
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• 2011

The main focus of this dissertation is the comparative research of Korean and Chinese adjectives. With the comparison and contrast of the concepts, features and usages of Korean and Chinese adjectives, we have concluded some similarities and differences. The aim is to help Chinese learners who study Korean better understand the features of Korean adjectives and use them more easily. Korean belongs to 阿?泰?族 and expresses meanings with pronunciation; however, Chinese belongs to ?藏?族 and expresses meanings with characters. There are many similarities between those two languages that look completely different, such as pronunciation and grammar at some extent. Even the Chinese words in Korean are quite similar to Chinese. However, the two languages are very different from each other, from the detailed grammatical view. For instance, the auxiliary word in Korean and Chinese is completely different. Then, Korean has a concept: ?尾that does not exist in Chinese at all. Especially, about categories of words, it is very important and difficult to distinguish adjective and verb for the Chinese Korean-learners. One reason of the challenge is that some Korean adjectives are categorized as verbs in Chinese. For example, "like", "dislike", "fear" in Korean are "psychological adjective" however, they are "psychological verb" in Chinese. The differences in categorization always mislead learners in understanding whole articles. At the same time, they cause more problems and difficulties in learning other grammatical items for Chinese Korean-learners. Based on that, the dissertation is helpful for Chinese learners who are studying Korean. Starting from the most basic concepts, the second chapter focuses on analyzing the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese adjectives. The correct understanding of adjective is the basis of accurate learning of it. With the comparison of concepts and primary comprehension of adjective, the third chapter analyzes in detail about the features of Korean and Chinese adjective from grammar and meaning. Based on those features, we analyze the detailed usages of Korean and Chinese adjective in articles; especially we provide the detailed explanations of adjective changes in different tense and ?尾 changes in using with noun and verb. The fourth chapter emphasizes the similarities and differences of adjective meanings in Korean and Chinese. We have provided the comparative analyses from six different views, which could be helpful for Chinese Korean-learners. Until now, there are few comparative studies of Korean and Chinese adjectives. About this dissertation, some limitations also exist in such an area. However, we hope it could provide some help for Chinese Korean-learners, and more profound research will be developed in the future.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.36
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• pp.211-240
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• 2014

This is a cross-sectional study designed to analyze the correlation between the structural and social variables and the pattern of contraction and deletion of the copula verb in the speech of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) speakers in Athens in Georgia, USA using a questionnaire. The results show that the frequency of copula contraction is higher than that of deletion in all factor groups including the age of the speakers where this study found that younger speakers tend to have higher frequency of contraction and deletion of the copula than older speakers. This study analyzes this as a function of the fact that younger speakers of AAVE are conscious of the linguistic and social differences between AAVE speakers and speakers of Standard American English (SAE) and they consciously make choices regarding which norm to use at which contexts to satisfy their communicative and socio-cultural needs. This sort of conscious social behavior is not likely to disappear with age rather it might increase as a correlate of the perceived physical, socio-cultural and psychological distance between AAVE speakers and speakers of other varieties. This study shows that such perceived linguistic, socio-cultural and psychological distance has negative effects on pedagogy and I proffer the remedy.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.91-112
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to examine psychological reality and incremental nature of thematic processing in Korean sentence comprehension. By using two different types of verbs (i.e., transitive and causative verbs), we manipulated necessity of the thematic reanalysis (i.e., consistent vs. inconsistent condition) in the coordinated sentence structures. In Experiment 1, there was no significant difference in the reading times of the verbs between the consistent and the inconsistent condition. However, there was significant differences in question answering times between the two conditions. In Experiment 2 in which we changed a noun phrase of the test sentences into inanimate one, we found significant thematic reanalysis effects in the reading times of the final verbs. Based on these results we discussed the theoretical importance and universality of the thematic processes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.635-644
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• 2020

This paper examines the types and functions of politeness in German communication and how politeness strategy can be realized. 'Politeness' is not a grammatical terminology in German, but it can be found in many places in grammar. The criteria for politeness are not only organized according to the rules of the language system, but the boundaries are ambiguous because non-language factors affect communication. Politeness is an important strategic element as well as social value. The polite expression first appears in the grammatical level of invariant with the form of address according to the familiarity between the conversational parties, verb modus, and modal particle. Modal particle with familiarity is considered to be a positive politeness strategy that limits the listener's speech by weakening or avoiding face threatening act. Modal verbs is classified as polite expressions that do not impose a psychological burden by not forcing the listener to make a direct request. The results of this study are therefore expected to suggest a rationale for empirical research on politeness in German communication.

• Korean Educational Research Journal
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.17-42
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• 2019

Modality is the psychological attitude of the speaker, which is comprised by the sentences used in every language. Modality can be broadly categorized as perceptional modality and obligatory modality. This study summarizes the previous related literatures and theoretical branches of Korean linguistic studies. The study also proposes and classifies a modal concept on the Korean language, which is aimed at aiding Chinese people who are studying Korean. It further describes characteristics and expressions of modality in both the Chinese and Korean languages. This study aims to develop an effective teaching-learning program on the basis of the contrastive analysis between Korean language's modality, "-(으)ㄹ 수 있다," and the corresponding Chinese auxiliary verb, "能." Modality is a syntax item that reflects a speaker's subjective manner. There are many grammatical facets in Korean language books and teaching materials that are modal in nature. Further, modalities in Korean language are not only numerous but also have very rich meanings and functions. Based on the contrastive analysis, this study designs an effective teaching plan for Chinese people learning the Korean language. The designed system uses specific conversational occasions as the basis of learning, and it adapts the Korean language's modal system to classroom teaching. The system is expected to be effective during classroom teaching for demonstrating and learning modality in the Korean language.

• Korean small business review
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.97-129
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• 2019

The concepts of entrepreneurship are very various. So many researchers are confused or not sure of the concepts of entrepreneurship. Some entrepreneurship researches has defined the entrepreneurship as 'self-employment. This study try to set a comprehensive conceptual model of concepts of entrepreneurship through classification of word and phrase with job analysis and competence model. Several concepts of entrepreneurship which important prior researchers, had defined are analysed into 'subject', 'object', 'verb', 'goal and behavioral results' with content analysis. Also, Several concepts of entrepreneur which important prior researchers had defined, are analysed into 'individual psychological traits', 'competence and ability', 'motive', and 'function or job (business).' This study suggests a integrated conceptual model of entrepreneurship based on analysed results.