• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.289-293
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• 2010

3-MCPD created in manufacture process was regulated in our country about soy sauce and HVP. The latest paper reported that Bound 3-MCPD is created as intermediate. Germany common risk assesment reported that Bound 3-MCPD must be reduced because Bound 3-MCPD can be created in estimation circle when this is hydrolyzed in human body, but the data about the toxity of Bound 3-MCPD is lack. Therefore, We analysis about 209 items food such as soy sauce, seasoning food and meat-eating manufactured goods using bound 3-MCPD analysis method developed recently. As result of survey, bound 3-MCPD detected in 8 items among 44 traditional sauce (0.02~0.28ppm), 8 of soup 12 items (0.01~0.96ppm), in 22 items of sauce 60 items (0.01~0.55ppm), in 16 items of meat-eating manufactured foods 30 items (0.04~0.18ppm), in 20 items of snack cookies 28 items (0.09~1.43ppm), in 8 in roasted oil foods 10 items (0.04~1.22ppm), in 6 items of peanut processed food 10 items (0.06~0.25ppm), in 1 of vegetable cream 15 items (0.05ppm). Detected level was lower than the result of monitored by other countries.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.293-303
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• 2016

Analysis of bargaining games utilizing evolutionary computation in recent years has dealt with important issues in the field of game theory. In this paper, we investigated interaction and coevolution process among heterogeneous artificial agents using evolutionary computation in the bargaining game. We present three kinds of evolving-strategic agents participating in the bargaining games; genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE). The co-evolutionary processes among three kinds of artificial agents which are GA-agent, PSO-agent, and DE-agent are tested to observe which EC-agent shows the best performance in the bargaining game. The simulation results show that a PSO-agent is better than a GA-agent and a DE-agent, and that a GA-agent is better than a DE-agent with respect to co-evolution in bargaining game. In order to understand why a PSO-agent is the best among three kinds of artificial agents in the bargaining game, we observed the strategies of artificial agents after completion of game. The results indicated that the PSO-agent evolves in direction of the strategy to gain as much as possible at the risk of gaining no property upon failure of the transaction, while the GA-agent and the DE-agent evolve in direction of the strategy to accomplish the transaction regardless of the quantity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.11 no.1_2
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

Human exposure to volatile compounds in tap water can occur from inhalation and dermal absorption as well as direct ingestion. The relative contribution to total human exposure from these pathways has been considered to be important especially for VOC's (volatile organic compounds). In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the risk assessment, it has been suggested that the exposure assessment process could be significantly improved by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation. However, there is no actual data in Korea for each exposure parameter to determine the level of exposure, and the distributional pattern. Therefore, we surveyed water use patterns and behavior related to multi-route exposure to VOC's in household tap water in Korea, and compared these values to the those in western countries. In the first survey, we calculated daily water intake using data from a sample of 1322 persons of several cities in Korea. In the second survey, we obtained questionnaire data on exposure time for showering, bathing and household activities, and tap water intake from 851households in Korea. In the last survey, we measured the exposure parameters (exposure time, water use rate etc.) related to showers, baths, toilets, dish washing, washing and cooking, and tap water intake was surveyed. Also, the subjects were measured their body weight, height and tidal volume, etc. A diary, a flow meter and a measuring cup were used to measure these values as precisely as possible. Average daily water intake was ranged 0.79-1.71 L/day for adults in three surveys. Tap water intake measured by log-sheet during one week in third survey was 1.26 (average), 1.98 L/day (90 percentlie), respectively. These results were comparable with results from EPA (1.4, 2L/day). The average amount of water used by housewives in the third survey was 515.0 $\pm$ 564.6L/day. In usual activity, the amount of water used in the bathroom, the laundry and the kitchen was 140.0 $\pm$ 538.9, 148.0 $\pm$ 174.5, 229.3 $\pm$ 205.4 L/day, respectively. Exposure parameters such as water intake rate, exposure duration, body weight, inhalation rates in surveyed data of Korean people differed from those published from western countries. This could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, dietary habits and physiological characteristics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.639-650
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was firstly, to explore the acceptability and acceptance intention of parents for smart animal toys and secondly, investigate whether there is a difference by sex and age. For this purpose, the questionnaire survey was conducted with 344 parents of younger children in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. As a result, there were significant positive correlations among the relative advantage, aesthetics, social image of smart animal toys, the attitude of the new technology and the parents' acceptability. Whereas there were significant negative correlations among the acceptance risk and the parents' acceptability. The parents' acceptability showed differences in the relative advantages and social image according to the age of the parents and no significant difference according to purchasing experience of smart animal toys. These results indicated that the parents' acceptability and acceptance intention of smart animal toys were similar with the adoption process of innovative products or smart devices. And it was also informed that the most impact factors on parents' acceptance for smart toy were the relative advantage, social image, and the attitude of the new technology. This research will be useful in understanding parents purchasing intention of smart toys and provide valuable implication for smart toy companies, manufacturers, and developers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.122-128
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• 2005

Contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes of Kimbab and its main ingredients sampled from general and specialized restaurants were compared. Total aerobic bacteria and coliform counts of Kimbab samples from both restaurant types were not significantly different (p>0.05), showing approximately $4\;to\;6\;log_{10}CFU/g$. E. coli counts were significantly higher in kimbab from general restaurants ($65%:\;0.7-2.6\;log_{10}CFU/g$) than those from specialized ones ($8.33%:\;0.70log_{10}CFU/g$), whereas those of S. aureus and B. cereus were not significantly different (p>0.05). L. monocytogenes was not detected in all Kimbab samples. These results indicate hygiene of Kimbab and its main ingredients are deleterious. Contamination levels of pathogens determined in the present study may be used as primary data for microbial risk assessment.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.9 no.2 s.18
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• pp.29-36
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• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to describe the Disaster Management System Development of Enterprise GIS at the Kangwon Province in Korea. This project is included into 'the Kangwon Enterprise GIS 21 plan'. The Division of Disaster Management is in the middle of the 2-year project of the Disaster Management System development, appropriate for business performed at the Departments of Forestry, Culture, Environment, Tourism, etc. At the 1st phase of CIS implementation, for more than half a year we focused on the necessity of management of disasters. In the planning process, we needed long-term information on the whole area of Kangwon. In the assessment and response processes, we needed real-time data from Korean Meteorological Administration and other agencies. All the above information was carefully studied and referred to. ESRI's new GIS technologies solve the natural hazard/disaster problems. For example, hazardous materials routing often needs to be found the least expensive path through a roadway network. In the circumstances given, we can choose the departure point and destination of the vehicle, which carries the materials. It's also possible to minimize overall risk and costs of disaster problems by making a plan of people and possessions evacuation from the disaster area in short time limits. We can meet all the above goals using the latest ESRI's technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.306-312
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• 2016

Objectives: We aimed to compare the smoking behaviors in adolescents from monocultural and multicultural families and to evaluate the associations between their smoking behavior and number of suicide attempts. Methods: The data used in this study was collected from The Tenth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The differences in the sociodemographic characteristics between the adolescents in the multicultural and monocultural families were analyzed through the ${\chi}^2$-test, and a logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the smoking behavior and number of suicide attempts of the adolescents in multicultural families. The process involved an analysis using a complex sample design. Results: There was significant difference in the weighted rates of the current smoking behavior (13.3% vs. 8.4%, p<0.001), experience of violence (6.8% vs. 2.3%, p<0.001), and number of suicide attempts (5.4% vs. 2.7%, p<0.001) between the adolescents from the multicultural and monocultural families. In both groups, the current smoking behavior was associated with the number of suicide attempts (multicultural families OR=6.5, p=0.005; monocultural families OR=1.5, p<0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that the percentage of current smokers in the adolescents from multicultural families was higher than that in the monocultural families and that current smoking behavior is related to the number of suicide attempts in both groups, after adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, academic achievement, current smoking behavior, depressive mood and experience of violence.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.253-264
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• 2017

The advent of the $4^{th}$ industrial Revolution requires entrepreneurship to the student as one able to produce creative solutions of complex problems embedded in society with active engagement. Maker Education indicates a new educational approach in which students produce a tangible output as a concrete solution to their problems, experiencing spirits of productive failure, sharing and openness with others during the process due to its educational values and effects which are well-matched with entrepreneurship. This study, in this context, aimed to verify the effect of the maker education in the sense of cultivating entrepreneurship: For this purpose, this study conducted a case study of Maker Education to 56 university students during 7 weeks (14 hours) in K university. The results based upon data analysis collected from reflective journals and interviews showed attitude change of the students in terms of entrepreneurship characterized as self-directedness, risk-taking, and creativity. For more active practices of Maker Education in higher education, both instructors' role as the facilitator, and easily and freely accessible Maker Space should be considered.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.111-130
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• 2008

This paper compares long term equilibrium relation of KOSPI 200 which is underling stock and its futures by using general method fractional cointegration instead of existing integer cointegration. Existence of integer cointegration between two price time series gives much wider information about long term equilibrium relation. These details grasp long term equilibrium relation of two price time series as well as reverting velocity to equilibrium by observing difference coefficient of error term when it renounces from equilibrium relation. The result of this study reveals existence of long term equilibrium relation between KOSPI200 and futures which follow fractional cointegration. Difference coefficient, d, of 'two price time series error term' satisfies 0 < d < 1/2 beside bandwidth parameter, m(173). It means two price time series follow stationary long memory process. This also means impulse effects to balance price of two price time series decrease gently within hyperbolic rate decay. It indicates reverting speed of error term is very low when it bolts from equilibrium. It implies to market maker, who is willing to make excess return with arbitrage trading and hedging risk using underling stock, how invest strategy should be changed. It also insinuates that information transition between KOSPI 200 Index market and futures market does not working efficiently.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2017

Purpose: To identify baseline prognostic factors for survival in patients with disease progression, during or after chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. Materials and Methods: We pooled data from patients randomized between 2009 and 2012 in 2 phase III, global double-blind studies of ramucirumab for the treatment of advanced gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma following disease progression on first-line platinum- and/or fluoropyrimidine-containing therapy (REGARD and RAINBOW). Forty-one key baseline clinical and laboratory factors common in both studies were examined. Model building started with covariate screening using univariate Cox models (significance level=0.05). A stepwise multivariable Cox model identified the final prognostic factors (entry+exit significance level=0.01). Cox models were stratified by treatment and geographic region. The process was repeated to identify baseline prognostic quality of life (QoL) parameters. Results: Of 1,020 randomized patients, 953 (93%) patients without any missing covariates were included in the analysis. We identified 12 independent prognostic factors of poor survival: 1) peritoneal metastases; 2) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score 1; 3) the presence of a primary tumor; 4) time to progression since prior therapy <6 months; 5) poor/unknown tumor differentiation; abnormally low blood levels of 6) albumin, 7) sodium, and/or 8) lymphocytes; and abnormally high blood levels of 9) neutrophils, 10) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 11) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and/or 12) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Factors were used to devise a 4-tier prognostic index (median overall survival [OS] by risk [months]: high=3.4, moderate=6.4, medium=9.9, and low=14.5; Harrell's C-index=0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-0.68). Addition of QoL to the model identified patient-reported appetite loss as an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions: The identified prognostic factors and the reported prognostic index may help clinical decision-making, patient stratification, and planning of future clinical studies.