• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.83-94
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• 2002

Within physical therapy education, there has been increased attention to curricula and course that emphasize problem solving, clinical reasoning, and synthesis of information across traditional discipline-specific boundaries. This article describes the development implementation, and outcomes of a problem-based learning course in Physical therapy. The course was designed to help students to integrate the various elements of a physical therapy curriculum and to enhance their abilities to respond to an ever-changing health care environment. An evaluation of the course by the first 50 students who completed it revealed both strengths and weaknesses. Students responded that the course enhanced their professional behavior, including interpersonal communication skills, team work, and follow-through with professional responsibilities. The learning package was developed by the authors and implemented to a college students during three weeks of the first semester of 2001. Most studies which conducted PBL module development were short period or temporary PBL package application and evaluation rather than a whole semester's. While, this study carried on partial integrated PBL curriculum development and application with recomposing content of the two subjects to one subject Physical therapy which includes four PBL packages. This package was developed from a simple concept to complex and partial integrated PBL curriculum application systematically variable learning methods such as discussion, practice, lecture, video. There are 2 classes, each class has 25 students, in the college. Each class has 5 small groups consisting 5 students. Two tutors proceeded discussion charging each class also, they used multiple methods and materials like tutorials, self-directed learning, lecture, and video. The package is 5 grades and 5 hours per week and the rate of discussion, lecture is 4, 1 respectively. One of the most change is the increase of interaction between students and tutors. Whenever students need information and suggestion, they can visit tutors who provide reading materials and guide for the direction of self learning. Therefore, this study describes the PBL package development process and application during one semester recomposing contents of two subjects to Physical therapy concepts. Besides, it will contribute to active application of existing each subject to tutors who intend to convert as PBL methods. The study has significant meaning to show potentiality of partially integrated PBL application, using systematic PBL package development from two subjects contents. However, when students' need of yearning is over the extent of Introduction of Physical therapy and Rehabilitation medicine, tutors should set learning extent. So, there is limitation to attain completely integrated PBL education within one subject, therefore, it is high lighted to proceed development of integrated curriculum to maximize learning effects of PBL. It is exected that partial integrated PBL package development and application will distribute to prosper excellent physiotherapist in practice.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2015

Quorum sensing (QS) is involved in the process of cell-to-cell communication and as a gene regulatory mechanism, which has been implicated in bacterial pathogenicity. Bacteria use this QS system to control a variety of physiological processes. In this study, pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract (PPE) was first screened for its ability to inhibit QS in bio-reporter strains (Chromobacterium violaceum and C. violaceum CV026). Next, the ability of PPE to inhibit swimming motility and biofilm formation was examined in Y. enterocolitica. Additionally, changes in the expression of specific genes involved in the synthesis of the N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs; yenI and yenR) and in the flagellar regulon (fliA, fleB and flhDC) were evaluated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The results show that PPE specifically inhibited and reduced QS-controlled violacein production by 78.5% in C. violaceum CV026, and decreased QS-associated biofilm formation and swimming motility in Y. enterocolitica without significantly affecting bacterial growth. These inhibitory effects were also associated with the down-regulation of gene expression involved in the synthesis of AHLs and in motility. Our results suggest that PPE could be a potential therapeutic agent to prevent enteropathogens in humans, as well as highlight the need to further investigate the in vivo properties of PPE for clinical applications.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.149-155
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• 2015

This paper proposes 5-MS/s 10-bit digital-to-analog converter(DAC) with the improved linearity. The proposed DAC consists of a 10-bit R-2R-based DAC, an output buffer using a differential voltage amplifier with rail-to-rail input range, and a band-gap reference circuit for the bias voltage. The linearity of the 10-bit R-2R DAC is improved as the resistor of 2R is implemented by including the turn-on resistance of an inverter for a switch. The output voltage range of the DAC is determined to be $2/3{\times}VDD$ from an rail-to-rail output voltage range of the R-2R DAC using a differential voltage amplifier in the output buffer. The proposed DAC is implemented using a 1-poly 8-metal 130nm CMOS process with 1.2-V supply. The measured dynamic performance of the implemented DAC are the ENOB of 9.4 bit, SNDR of 58 dB, and SFDR of 63 dBc. The measured DNL and INL are less than +/-0.35 LSB. The area and power consumption of DAC are $642.9{\times}366.6{\mu}m^2$ and 2.95 mW, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.166-174
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• 2013

QRS detection of ECG is the most popular and easy way to detect cardiac-disease. But it is difficult to analyze the ECG signal because of various noise types. The important problem in recording ECG signal is a baseline wandering, which is occurred by rhythm of respiration and muscle contraction attaching to an electrode. Particularly, in the healthcare system that must continuously monitor people's situation, it is necessary to process ECG signal in realtime. In other words, the design of algorithm that exactly detects QRS region using minimal computation by analyzing the person's physical condition and/or environment is needed. Therefore, baseline wander removing method based on morphological filter for efficient QRS detection method is presented in this paper. For this purpose, we detected QRS through the preprocessing method using morphological filter, adaptive threshold, and window. The signal distortion ratio of the proposed method is compared with other filtering method. Also, R wave detection is evaluated by using MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Experiment result show that proposed method removes baseline wanders effectively without significant morphological distortion.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.137-144
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• 2013

A delay-locked loop (DLL) that generates a 32-phase clock with the operating frequency of 125 MHz is introduced. The proposed DLL uses a delay line of $4{\times}8$ matrix architecture to improve a differential non-linearity (DNL) of the delay line. Furthermore, a integral non-linearity (INL) of the proposed DLL is improved by calibrating phases of clocks that is supplied to four points of an input stage of the $4{\times}8$ matrix delay line. The proposed DLL is fabricated by using $0.11-{\mu}m$ CMOS process with a 1.2 V supply. The measured operating frequency range of the implemented DLL is 40 MHz to 280 MHz. At the operating frequency of 125MHz, the measurement results shows that the DNL and INL are +0.14/-0.496 LSB and +0.46/-0.404 LSB, respectively. The measured peak-to-peak jitter of the output clock is 30 ps when the peak-to-peak jitter of the input clock is 12.9 ps. The area and power consumption of the implemented DLL are $480{\times}550{\mu}m^2$ and 9.6 mW, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 2013

This paper proposes an intermediate image generation method for the viewer's view point by tracking the viewer's face, which is converted to a digital hologram. Its purpose is to increase the viewing angle of a digital hologram, which is gathering higher and higher interest these days. The method assumes that the image information for the leftmost and the rightmost view points within the viewing angle to be controlled are given. It uses a stereo-matching method between the leftmost and the rightmost depth images to obtain the pseudo-disparity increment per depth value. With this increment, the positional informations from both the leftmost view point and the rightmost view point are generated, which are blended to get the information at the wanted intermediate viewpoint. The occurrable dis-occlusion region in this case is defined and a inpainting method is proposed. The results from implementing and experimenting this method showed that the average image qualities of the generated depth and RGB image were 33.83[dB] and 29.5[dB], respectively, and the average execution time was 250[ms] per frame. Also, we propose a prototype system to service digital hologram interactively to the viewer by using the proposed intermediate view generation method. It includes the operations of data acquisition for the leftmost and the rightmost viewpoints, camera calibration and image rectification, intermediate view image generation, computer-generated hologram (CGH) generation, and reconstruction of the hologram image. This system is implemented in the LabView(R) environments, in which CGH generation and hologram image reconstruction are implemented with GPGPUs, while others are implemented in software. The implemented system showed the execution speed to process about 5 frames per second.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.1_2
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• pp.114-125
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• 2002

In this paper, we are proposing a hierarchical segmentation method that first segments the video data into units of shots by detecting cut and dissolve, and then decides types of camera operations or object movements in each shot. In our previous work[1], each picture group is divided into one of the three detailed categories, Shot(in case of scene change), Move(in case of camera operation or object movement) and Static(in case of almost no change between images), by analysing DC(Direct Current) component of I(Intra) frame. In this process, we have designed two-stage hierarchical neural network with inputs of various multiple features combined. Then, the system detects the accurate shot position, types of camera operations or object movements by searching P(Predicted), B(Bi-directional) frames of the current picture group selectively and hierarchically. Also, the statistical distributions of macro block types in P or B frames are used for the accurate detection of cut position, and another neural network with inputs of macro block types and motion vectors method can reduce the processing time by using only DC coefficients of I frames without decoding and by searching P, B frames selectively and hierarchically. The proposed method classified the picture groups in the accuracy of 93.9-100.0% and the cuts in the accuracy of 96.1-100.0% with three different together is used to detect dissolve, types of camera operations and object movements. The proposed types of video data. Also, it classified the types of camera movements or object movements in the accuracy of 90.13% and 89.28% with two different types of video data.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.559-571
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• 2003

ENUM(tElephon NUmbering Mapping) is protocol that brings convergence between PSTN Networks and IP Networks using a unique worldwide E.164 telephone number as an identifier between different communication infrastructure. The mechanism provides a bridge between two completely different environments with E.164 number; IP based application services used in PSTN networks, and PSTN based application services used in IP networks. We propose a new way to organize and handle ENUM Tier 2 name servers to improve performance at the name resolution process in ENUM based application service. We build an ENUM based network model when NAPTR(Naming Authority PoinTeR) resource record is registered and managed by area code at the initial registration step. ENUM promises convenience and flexibility to both PSTN and IP users, yet there is no evidence how much patience is required when users decide to use ENUM instead of non-ENUM based applications. We have estimated ENUM response time, and proved how to improve performance up to 3 times when resources are managed by the proposed mechanism. The proposition of this thesis favorably influences users and helps to establish the policy for Tier 2 name server management.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.5 no.7
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• pp.159-172
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• 2016

This paper presents a novel algorithm for searching evacuation paths in indoor disaster environments. The proposed method significantly improves the time complexity to find the paths to the evacuation exit by introducing a light-weight Disaster Evacuation Graph (DEG) for a building in terms of the size of the graph. With the DEG, the method also considers load balancing and bottleneck capacity of the paths to the evacuation exit simultaneously. The behavior of the algorithm consists of two phases: horizontal tiering (HT) and vertical tiering (VT). The HT phase finds a possible optimal path from anywhere of a specific floor to the evacuation stairs of the floor. Thus, after finishing the HT phases of all floors in parallel the VT phase begins to integrate all results from the previous HT phases to determine a evacuation path from anywhere of a floor to the safety zone of the building that could be the entrance or the roof of the building. It should be noted that the path produced by the algorithm. And, in order to define the range of graph to process, tiering scheme is used. In order to test the performance of the method, computing times and evacuation times are compared to the existing path searching algorithms. The result shows the proposed method is better than the existing algorithms in terms of the computing time and evacuation time. It is useful in a large-scale building to find the evacuation routes for evacuees quickly.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.3 no.8
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• pp.261-270
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• 2014

As Internet traffic increases recently, much effort has been put on improving the performance of a web server. In addition to hardware side solutions such as replacement by high-end hardware or expansion of the number of servers, there are software side solutions to improve performance. Recent studies on these software side solutions have been actively performed. In this paper, we identify performance degradation problems occurring in a conventional TCP networking reception process and propose a way to solve them. We improve performance by combining three kinds of existing methods for Linux Networking Performance Improvement and two kinds of newly proposed methods in this paper. The three existing methods include 1) an allocation method of a packet flow to a core in a multi-core environment, 2) ITR(Interrupt Throttle Rate) method to control excessive interrupt requests, and 3) sk_buff data structure recycling. The two newly proposed methods are fd data structure recycling and epoll_event data structure recycling. Through experiments in a web server environment, we verify the effect of our two proposed methods and its combination with the three existing methods for performance improvement, respectively. We use three kinds of web servers: a simple web server, Lighttpd generally used in Linux, and Apache. In a simple web server environment, fd data structure recycling and epoll_event data structure recycling bring out performance improvement by about 7 % and 6%, respectively. If they are combined with the three existing methods, performance is improved by up to 40% in total. In a Lighttpd and an Apache web server environment, the combination of five methods brings out performance improvement by up to 36% and 20% in total, respectively.