• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.337-347
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• 2007

An embedded system is called a multi-mode embedded system if it performs multiple applications by dynamically reconfiguring the system functionality. Further, the embedded system is called a multi-mode multi-task embedded system if it additionally supports multiple tasks to be executed in a mode. In this Paper, we address a HW/SW partitioning problem, that is, HW/SW partitioning of multi-mode multi-task embedded applications with timing constraints of tasks. The objective of the optimization problem is to find a minimal total system cost of allocation/mapping of processing resources to functional modules in tasks together with a schedule that satisfies the timing constraints. The key success of solving the problem is closely related to the degree of the amount of utilization of the potential parallelism among the executions of modules. However, due to an inherently excessively large search space of the parallelism, and to make the task of schedulabilty analysis easy, the prior HW/SW partitioning methods have not been able to fully exploit the potential parallel execution of modules. To overcome the limitation, we propose a set of comprehensive HW/SW partitioning techniques which solve the three subproblems of the partitioning problem simultaneously: (1) allocation of processing resources, (2) mapping the processing resources to the modules in tasks, and (3) determining an execution schedule of modules. Specifically, based on a precise measurement on the parallel execution and schedulability of modules, we develop a stepwise refinement partitioning technique for single-mode multi-task applications. The proposed techniques is then extended to solve the HW/SW partitioning problem of multi-mode multi-task applications. From experiments with a set of real-life applications, it is shown that the proposed techniques are able to reduce the implementation cost by 19.0% and 17.0% for single- and multi-mode multi-task applications over that by the conventional method, respectively.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.165-172
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• 1988

An optimal network design method using continuous form of design variables is considered. Modified Hooke-and-Jeeves algorithm has been implemented in order to solve nonlinear progamming problem which is approximately equivalent to the real network design problem (NDP) with system. efficiency criteria(i. e. travel time and costs) and construction cost as objective function. Various forms of construction cost function, locations of initial solution, and dimension of initial step size of link improvement are taken into account to show the validity of this approach. The results obtained are quite promising in terms of the numbers of evaluations in solving NDP, and the speed of convergence. Finally, some techniques in choosing efficient intial solution, initial step size and approximation are given.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.7
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• pp.451-460
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• 2013

In order to achieve high test coverage, it is usual to generate test data using various techniques including symbolic execution, data flow analysis or constraints solving. Recently, a technique for automated test data generation that fulfills high coverage effectively without those sophisticated means has been proposed. However, the technique shows its weakness in the generation of test data that leads to high coverage for programs having branch conditions where different memory locations are binded during execution. For certain programs with flag conditions, in particular, high coverage can not be achieved because specific branches are not executed. To address the problem, this paper presents dynamic branch coverage criteria and a test data generation technique based on the notion of dynamic branch. It is shown that the proposed technique compared to the previous approach is more effective by conducting experiments involving programs with flag conditions.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.38-47
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• 2005

Substructuring methods are often used in finite element structural analyses. In this study a multi-level substructuring(MLSS) algorithm is developed and proposed as a possible candidate for finite element fluid solvers. The present algorithm consists of four stages such as a gathering, a condensing, a solving and a scattering stage. At each level, a predetermined number of elements are gathered and condensed to form an element of higher level. At the highest level, each sub-domain consists of only one super-element. Thus, the inversion process of a stiffness matrix associated with internal degrees of freedom of each sub-domain has been replaced by a sequential static condensation of gathered element matrices. The global algebraic system arising from the assembly of each sub-domain matrices is solved using a well-known iterative solver such as the conjugare gradient(CG) or the conjugate gradient squared(CGS) method. A time comparison with CG has been performed on a 2-D Poisson problem. With one domain the computing time by MLSS is comparable with that by CG up to about 260,000 d.o.f. For 263,169 d.o.f using 8 x 8 sub-domains, the time by MLSS is reduced to a value less than $30\%$ of that by CG. The lid-driven cavity problem has been solved for Re = 3200 using the element interpolation degree(Deg.) up to cubic. in this case, preconditioning techniques usually accompanied by iterative solvers are not needed. Finite element formulation for the incompressible flow has been stabilized by a modified residual procedure proposed by Ilinca et al.[9].

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.10-17
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• 2021

The controversy over the risk of the human body being affected by electromagnetic fields emitted from 60 Hz power lines continues without end. There are currently no new studies or research progress being made in this direction that is notable, and the number of civil complaints is gradually increasing. The problem is that each study produces different results, among which the effect of exposure to magnetic fields on childhood leukemia is a major one. In Korea, an electrician who was maintaining a 22.9 kV power line died of leukemia, which has recently been recognized as an occupational disease. Methods to reduce magnetic fields from power lines include shielding with wire loops, incorporating split phases and compaction techniques, installing underground power lines, converting to high-voltage direct current (HVDC), and increasing the ground clearance of transmission towers. Depending on whether a separate power supply is needed or not, there are two types of wire loops: passive loop and active loop. Magnetic field reduction is currently done through underground power lines; however, the disadvantage of this process is high construction costs. Installing passive loops, with relatively low construction costs, leads to lower magnetic field reduction rates than installing underground cables and a weakness to not solving the landscape problem. This methodological study aims at designing methods and reducing the effects of 2-wire set loops-the simplest and most practical. Since the method proposed in this study has been designed after analyzing the distribution of complex electromagnetic fields near the expected loop installation location, a practical design can be implemented without the need for any difficult optimization programming.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

A dialog system becomes a new way of communication between human and computer. The dialog system takes human voice as an input, and gives a proper response in voice or perform an action. Although there are several well-known products of dialog system (e.g., Amazon Echo, Naver Wave), they commonly suffer from a problem of out-of-domain utterances. If it poorly detects out-of-domain utterances, then it will significantly harm the user satisfactory. There have been some studies aimed at solving this problem, but it is still necessary to study about this intensively. In this paper, we give an overview of the previous studies of out-of-domain detection in terms of three point of view: dataset, feature, and method. As there were relatively smaller studies of this topic due to the lack of datasets, we believe that the most important next research step is to construct and share a large dataset for dialog system, and thereafter try state-of-the-art techniques upon the dataset.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.189-207
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• 2018

This study aims to analyze price information system and pricing label operation process, which are important information delivery systems of retail stores. This study also intends to identify the problems in store operation and identify academic and practical methods. In-depth interviews, direct observation, and service blueprint techniques were used to define problems in the existing business operation process, and an operating process based on the electronic shelf label (ESL) system is designed as an alternative to problem solving. The changes of the operating process before and after introduction were compared. Results of this study suggest practical implications that the ESL system can be used to solve the problems of the current price management process. The study also suggests the academic significance of presenting a complex research method of problem finding, cause analysis, and alternative presentation by using each research method complementarily.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.148-156
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• 2024

The research paper presents the results of an experimental research of the development of critical thinking in third-year students majoring in 013 "Primary Education" in studying a special course "From Reflection to Self-Assessment: Critical Thinking Skills" (based on Lauren Starkey methodology). The research was conducted during the first half of 2019-2020 academic year. The sample representativeness was ensured by the method of random selection, the strategy of randomization according to the criteria of age, gender, level of academic performance was described. Given the confidence interval p=95% and the confidence interval of the error Δ=±0.05, the sample size was 94 people, including of the experimental group and 49 students of the control group. The peculiarities of the development of such critical thinking skills as reflective thinking, self-analysis, awareness of one's own achievements and shortcomings, choice of problem-solving strategy, use of cognitive models of learning are revealed. It was found that the development of critical thinking was achieved through a comprehensive combination of self-assessment and reflection, performing exercises to develop the ability to clearly articulate the problem, find, analyse and interpret relevant information, draw the right conclusions and explanations.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.347-364
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• 2022

Fraudulent companies or sellers strategically manipulate reviews to influence customers' purchase decisions; therefore, the reliability of reviews has become crucial for customer decision-making. Since customers increasingly rely on online reviews to search for more detailed information about products or services before purchasing, many researchers focus on detecting manipulated reviews. However, the main problem in detecting manipulated reviews is the difficulties with obtaining data with manipulated reviews to utilize machine learning techniques with sufficient data. Also, the number of manipulated reviews is insufficient compared with the number of non-manipulated reviews, so the class imbalance problem occurs. The class with fewer examples is under-represented and can hamper a model's accuracy, so machine learning methods suffer from the class imbalance problem and solving the class imbalance problem is important to build an accurate model for detecting manipulated reviews. Thus, we propose an OpenAI-based reviews generation model to solve the manipulated reviews imbalance problem, thereby enhancing the accuracy of manipulated reviews detection. In this research, we applied the novel autoregressive language model - GPT-3 to generate reviews based on manipulated reviews. Moreover, we found that applying GPT-3 model for oversampling manipulated reviews can recover a satisfactory portion of performance losses and shows better performance in classification (logit, decision tree, neural networks) than traditional oversampling models such as random oversampling and SMOTE.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.187-207
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• 2024

In this study, we explored the feasibility of automatically scoring descriptive assessment items using GPT-4 based ChatGPT by comparing and analyzing the scoring results between teachers and GPT-4 based ChatGPT. For this purpose, three descriptive items from the permutation and combination unit for first-year high school students were selected from the KICE (Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation) website. Items 1 and 2 had only one problem-solving strategy, while Item 3 had more than two strategies. Two teachers, each with over eight years of educational experience, graded answers from 204 students and compared these with the results from GPT-4 based ChatGPT. Various techniques such as Few-Shot-CoT, SC, structured, and Iteratively prompts were utilized to construct prompts for scoring, which were then inputted into GPT-4 based ChatGPT for scoring. The scoring results for Items 1 and 2 showed a strong correlation between the teachers' and GPT-4's scoring. For Item 3, which involved multiple problem-solving strategies, the student answers were first classified according to their strategies using prompts inputted into GPT-4 based ChatGPT. Following this classification, scoring prompts tailored to each type were applied and inputted into GPT-4 based ChatGPT for scoring, and these results also showed a strong correlation with the teachers' scoring. Through this, the potential for GPT-4 models utilizing prompt engineering to assist in teachers' scoring was confirmed, and the limitations of this study and directions for future research were presented.